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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Horm Behav. 2019 Mar 2;111:46–59. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.01.003

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Maternal behavior observations from standard (SD), Western diet-limited bedding (WD-LB), and environmentally enriched (EE) rat dams as a function of postnatal days in the light phase (left panels), dark phase (middle panels) and light and dark phases combined (right panels). Panels A-C display total time on nest (seconds). Panels D-F display the frequency of licking, active and passive nursing, total nursing, maternal self-grooming, maternal eating and drinking and tail chase behaviors. All maternal behavior data are expressed as mean ±SEM; n = 8–10 per group. Various symbols are employed (e.g., $, &, *) to delineate differences between groups where *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.0001 indicates differences between SD and WD-LB, #indicates differences between SD and EE. &indicates differences between WD-LB and EE.