Table 2.

The difference between residual variances of BMI estimated from RNM^a and GREML^b

	Differencec	SEd	Difference in %	SE of Difference in %	h2 (GREML)	h2 (RNM)	Pe
SMK	−0.316	0.092	1.887	0.549	0.221	0.224	5.99E-04
NEU	−0.336	0.125	2.044	0.760	0.227	0.231	7.12E-03
PC1	0.016	0.088	−0.095	0.523	0.227	0.227	8.56E-01
SMK-NEUf	−0.588	0.156	3.279	0.870	0.227	0.233	1.57E-04

^aAlternative model (H1) of M3 in Table 1

^bNull model (H0) of M3 in Table 1

^cDifference = the residual variance estimated from RNM − the residual variance estimated from univariate GREML

^dStandard error of the difference was calculated based on the theory in Supplementary Note 3

^eP-value was obtained based a two-tailed Wald test using the difference of residual variances and its SE

^fThe model jointly fitted both SMK and NEU as multiple covariates (see Methods)