Fig. 5.

Possible molecular mechanisms by which zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) participates in epilepsy. Descriptions of molecules and arrows in different colors are as in Fig. 1. ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinases; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; IL, interleukin; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PP2A, protein phosphatase 2A; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; SGLT2, sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2; TGFβ, tumor growth factor β; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; VGLUT, vesicular glutamate transporter.