Table 2.
Summary of animal experiments performed to study role of T1F in Salmonella virulence.
| No. | Serovar | Strains | Growth conditions | Animal | Bacteria administration | Outcome | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Typhimurium | 1566F (T1F+); 1566N (T1F-) | Temp: 37°C Time: 24h Medium: nutrient broth O2: ? Shaking: ? |
Mice- LAC Gray | Oral | Lowest proportion of mice infected and dying; shorter fecal shedding in comparison to oral; more successful infections and deaths with T1F+Non-fimbriated strain rapidly eliminated from the intestine, | Darekar and Duguid, 1972 |
| Conjuctival | Medium proportion of mice infected and dying; longer fecal shedding in comparison to oral; more successful infections and deaths with T1F+ | ||||||
| intraperitoneal | Highest proportion of mice infected and dying; more deaths with T1F+ | ||||||
| 2. | Typhimurium | 1566F (T1F+); 1566N (T1F-) | Temp: 37°C Time: 24h Medium: Nutrient broth O2: Aerobically Shaking: No |
Mice- LAC Gray | Oral | Higher number of infections and deaths in T1F+ strain than in T1F- strain | Duguid et al., 1976 |
| Conjuctival | Similar number of infections and deaths for T1F+ and T1F- strain | ||||||
| Intraperitoneal | Similar number of infections and deaths for T1F+ and T1F- strain | ||||||
| 3. | Enteritidis | 1981 | Temp: 37°C Time: ? Medium: Brain heart infusion O2: Aerated Shaking: No |
The Naval Aero-Medical Reserve Unit (NAMRU) strainmice (12–14 weeks old) |
Oral | Protective role of antiserum indicates that adherence of S. Enteritidis to the host cells was mediated by type 1 or by type 3 fimbriae | Aslanzadeh and Paulissen, 1990 |
| 4. | Typhimurium | SR-11 (T1F+) and x4334- fim transposon mutant (T1F-) | Temp: 37°C Time: ? Medium: Luria-Bertani or Mueller-Hinton O2: ? Shaking: No |
BALB/c ♀ Mice (6–8 weeks old) |
Oral | Higher virulence of T1F- strain (lower LD50 and higher mortality) | Lockman and Curtiss, 1992 |
| Intraperitoneal | No differences between tested strains | ||||||
| Oral- mixed bacteria challenge |
Peyer’s patches, intestinal wall – higher amount of T1F- strainSpleen, liver, kidney – 2–3 days – higher amount of T1F- strainSpleen, liver, kidney- 4–5 day- higher amount of T1F+ strainBlood- higher amount of T1F- strain (increasing after each day | ||||||
| 5. | Enteritidis; Typhimurium | 857, phage type 4 (SE)S986 (ST) (T1F+) | Temp: ? Time: 48 h Medium: Nutrient broth O2: ? Shaking: No |
Male Hooded Lister rats | oral | T1F+ bacteria can be detected in ileum after 6 days of infection | Ewen et al., 1997 |
| 6. | Typhimurium | AJB3 ( SR11 derivate, T1F+); ABJ4 (T1F-) | Temp: 37°C Time: Overnight Medium: Luria-Bertani O2: ? Shaking: ? |
BALB/c ♀ Mice (6–8 weeks old) |
oral | T1F- strain is 3 times more virulent than T1F+ strain. | van der Velden et al., 1998 |
| 7. | Enteritidis | LA5 (T1F+); EAV21 (T1F-) | Temp: 37°C Time: Overnight Medium: Nutrient broth O2: Aerobically Shaking: Yes (Orbital shaking 225rpm) |
SPF White Leghorn chicks (aged 18–24 h) |
Collectively, SEF17, SEF21 and flagella fulfill a minor role in the early stages of colonization and invasion in young chicks, but are unnecessary for colonization of birds from the immediate environment | Dibb-Fuller and Woodward, 2000 | |
| 8. | Enteritidis | phage type 4 | Temp: ? Time: ? Medium: ? O2: ? Shaking: ? |
SPF Chicken (SPAFAS Inc., Roanoke, IL) |
No major role for SEF14, SEF17, or SEF21 fimbriae under the conditions tested. | Rajashekara et al., 2000 | |
| 9. | Enteritidis | LA5 | Temp: 37°C Time: 48 h Medium: Nutrient broth O2: ? Shaking: No |
Male Hooded Lister rats (19 days old) | The fimbriate strain was preferentially removedfrom the gastrointestinal tract, allowing the mutantstrain to become predominant in the long term. Lower mount of T1F-strain in spleen after 24h; Lower mount of T1F-strain in liver after 24h; Lower mount of T1F-strain in caecum after 24h and 48h |
Naughton et al., 2001 | |
| 10. | Typhimurium | 798-519’ (pig origin) (T1F+); Mutant 14 (ΔfimA; T1F-) | Temp: ? Time: ? Medium: ? O2: ? Shaking: ? |
ICR mice (Harlan) | Oral-mixed bacteria challenge | Higher amounts of T1F+ strains in caecum, ileum and colon | Althouse et al., 2003 |
| BALB/c | Oral | No statistically significant results | |||||
| Pigs; | Oral | Faster clearance of T1F- strain from ileocecal junction and mid-ileum. T1F+ strain was recovered in increasing numbers after 2 weeks in comparison to 1 week after challenge |
|||||
| 11. | Enteritidis | S1400/94 (T1F+); ΔfimD of S1400/94 (T1F-) | Temp: 37°C Time: 20 h Medium: Brain Heart Infusion O2: ? Shaking: Yes |
non-Salmonella-vaccinated laying hens (ISA Warren Brown) (19 weeks old) | Intravenous | Higher amounts of T1F- strains in spleen after 14 and 21 daysHigher amounts of birds positive for T1F- strains in swabs: from vagina and isthmus after 21 days. Higher amounts of egg shells contaminated with T1F+. |
De Buck et al., 2004 |
| 12. | Enteritidis | ?? | Temp: ? Time: ? Medium: ? O2: ? Shaking: ? |
SHAVER 579 hens (5 weeks old) 1 group was immunized twice with FimA protein |
Oral | significant reduction of duodenum colonization and persistence of Salmonella Enteritidis | Kuczkowski et al., 2004 |
| 13. | Enteritidis | phage type 4, strain S1400/94; strain MB 1454 | Temp: 37°C Time: 20 h Medium: Brain Heart Infusion O2: ? Shaking: Yes |
non-Salmonella-vaccinated laying hens (ISA Warren Brown) (18 weeks old); 1 group was vaccinated with twice with purified T1F | Intravenous | Higher amounts of egg shells contaminated in non-vaccinated chickens. Higher and longer colonization of oviducts in non-vaccinated chickens. |
De Buck et al., 2005 |
| 14. | Typhimurium | 1402/84 (ClinicalIsolate) | Temp: 37 °C Time: 60 h Medium: Colonizationfactor antigen (CFA) agar O2: ? Shaking: ? |
Male albino Wistar rats (50–60 g); One group of rats was immunized with purified T1F |
Oral | Immunization prevents from: Na+, Cl-, Ca2+ fluxes in intestines; cAMP, Prostaglandin E2 concentration changes in intestines; NADPH, G-6-PDH 6-PGDH changes in gut macrophages | Verma et al., 2005 |
| 15. | Enteritidis | phage type 4, strain P125109 (T1F+); ΔfimA of P125109 (T1F-) | Temp: ? Time: ? Medium: LB O2: ? Shaking: ? |
SPF out-bred Rhode Island Red chickens, 18-day-old |
Oral | No significant changes in caecal load after 3, 7, 10 days post-infection | Clayton et al., 2008 |
| 16. | Gallinarum | isolate no. 589/02 (1,T1F+); ΔfimH of 589/02 (2, T1F-); 589/02 with fimH gene from S. Enteritidis (3, T1F+) | Temp: 37°C Time: five passages Medium: Luria-Bertani O2: ? Shaking: No |
Salmonella-free chicks (1-day-old) | Oral | FimH-dependent interactions of S. Gallinarum with chicken leukocytes are responsible for the increased virulence in chicksT1F- strain (2) had weak and delayed colonization of caecal tonsils, liver and spleen, didn’t colonize bursa of Fabricius. T1F+ strain (3) didn’t colonize caecal tonsils, bursa of Fabricius, liver had weak and delayed colonization of spleen. |
Kuźmińska-Bajor et al., 2012 |
| 17. | Typhimurium | SL1344 expressing various FimH variants | Temp: ? Time: Overnight Medium: SB broth supplemented with 30 mg/ml chloramphenicol O2: ? Shaking: No |
BALB/c mice (6–8 week-old) |
Oral | No effect of FimH mutations on bacterial burdens inthe liver and spleen. | Kisiela et al., 2012 |
| 18. | Enteritidis | JL12 | Temp: 37°C Time: 72h Medium: Colonization factor antigen broth O2: ? Shaking: No |
Salmonella-free Hy-Line white leghorn chickens; (1 day old); one group was immunized twice orally with liposome associated SEF21 gene | Lower amounts of Salmonella in cecum and rectum after 4 weeks in immunized bacteria | Pang et al., 2012 | |
| 19. | Enteritidis | SD-2 | Temp: ? Time: ? Medium: ? O2: ? Shaking: ? |
BALB/c mice; Groups of mice were immunized with FimA protein and it’s derivates with mC3d extenstions | Intraperitoneal | Lower infection of mice immunized with FimA proteins constructs | Musa et al., 2014 |
| 20. | Enteritidis | isolate no. 327 (T1F+); ΔfimH of 327 (T1F-) | Temp: 37°C Time: Five passages Medium: Luria- Bertani broth O2: ? Shaking: No |
BALB/c ♀ Mice (6–8 weeks old) |
oral | Fimbriated wild-type S. Enteritidis is less virulent than the non-fimbriated S. Enteritidis mutant strain | Kuźmińska-Bajor et al., 2015 |
Temp., Temperature; O2, presence of oxygen during growth; T1F, type 1 fimbriae; “T1F+”, type 1 fimbriae expressing; “T1F-”, type 1 fimbriae non-expressing; “SPF”, specific pathogen free.