Table 1.
Characteristics of the study groups - with AF (AF+ group) and without AF (AF- group)
| Parameter | Total | AF+ group | AF- group | P-valuesa | Missing data |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) of patients | 416 (100.0) | 98 (23.6) | 318 (76.4) | ||
| Age, y, Me (IQR) | 82 (77–86) | 84 (84.0–87.0) | 82 (76–86) | 0.002 | - |
| Gender, men, n (%) | 94 (22.09) | 31 (31.6) | 63 (19.8) | 0.01 | - |
| Place of residence, rural, n (%) | 87 (20.9) | 21 (21.4) | 66 (20.8) | 0.89 | - |
| Education, elementary or less, n (%) | 231 (66.2) | 54 (65.9) | 177 (65.3) | 0.92 | 65 |
| Living alone, n (%) | 119 (29,8) | 19 (20,4) | 100 (32,7) | 0,02 | 17 |
| Unable to walk outside the house without help, n (%) | 150 (37,5) | 34 (35,1) | 116 (38,3) | 0,56 | 16 |
| Barthel Index, Me (IQR) | 90 (70–100) | 90 (65–97.5) | 90 (70–100) | 0.26 | 6 |
| I-ADL, Me (IQR) | 7 (3–11) | 7 (3–9.25) | 8 (3–11) | 0.09 | 10 |
| Number of chronic diseases, Me (IQR) | 4 (3–6) | 6 (5–7) | 4 (3–5) | <0.001 | - |
| Multimorbidity, n (%) | 201 (48.3) | 86 (87.8) | 153 (48.1) | <0.001 | - |
| Number of drugs, Me (IQR) | 7 (5–9) | 8 (6–10) | 7 (5–9) | 0.001 | 9 |
| Polypharmacy, n (%) | 322 (79.1) | 86 (89.6) | 236 (75.9) | 0.004 | 9 |
| Inactivity, n (%) | 168 (41.0) | 51 (52.0) | 117 (37.5) | 0.01 | 8 |
| Hospitalization in the last 12 months, n (%) | 122 (29.5) | 37 (38.1) | 85 (26.9) | 0.03 | 3 |
| BMI, kg/m2, M (SD) | 29.25 (5.98) | 30,19 (5.53) | 28,98 (6.08) | 0.114 | 62 |
| Medications | |||||
| ß-blockers, n (%) | 258 (63.5) | 79 (82.3) | 179 (57.7) | <0.001 | 10 |
| ACE-Is/ARBs, n (%) | 259 (63.8) | 67 (69.8) | 192 (61.9) | 0.16 | 10 |
| Calcium channel blockers, n (%) | 114 (28.1) | 22 (22.9) | 92 (29.7) | 0.20 | 10 |
| α1-blockers, n (%) | 25 (6.2) | 10 (10.4) | 15 (4.8) | 0.05 | 10 |
| Antiarrhythmic, n (%) | 9 (2.2) | 6 (6.3) | 3 (1.0) | 0.002 | 10 |
| Digoxin, n (%) | 30 (7.4) | 26 (27.1) | 4 (1.3) | <0.001 | 10 |
| Thiazide, n (%) | 83 (20.4) | 13 (13.5) | 70 (22.6) | 0.06 | 10 |
| Loop diuretics, n (%) | 100 (24.6) | 47 (49.0) | 53 (17.1) | <0.001 | 10 |
| Aldosterone- receptor antagonists, n (%) | 71 (17.5) | 32 (33.3) | 39 (12.6) | <0.001 | 10 |
| Statins, n (%) | 142 (35.0) | 29 (30.2) | 113 (36.5) | 0.26 | 10 |
| Antiplatelet, n (%) | 128 (31.5) | 25 (26.0) | 103 (33.2) | 0.19 | 10 |
| Anticoagulants, n (%) | 64 (15.4) | 57 (58.2) | 7 (2.2) | <0.001 | 10 |
| Hemoglobin, mmol/L, M (SD) | 7.76 (1.09) | 7.64 (1.17) | 7.80 (1.06) | 0.19 | 12 |
| Anemia, n (%) | 177 (43.8) | 54 (56.3) | 123 (39.9) | 0.005 | 12 |
| GFR, l/min/1.73m2, M (SD) | 218 (52.4) | 51.72 (17.73) | 60.11 (16.31) | <0.001 | 11 |
| Serum creatinine, mmol/L, Me (IQR) | 86.63 (74.26–105.20) | 99.01 (79.34–119.56) | 84.86 (72.49–98.12) | <0.001 | 11 |
| HAS-BLED, Me (IQR) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (2–3) | 1 (1–2) | <0.001 | 2 |
| HAS-BLED≥3, n (%) | 63 (15.2) | 37 (38.1) | 26 (8.2) | <0.001 | 2 |
| CHADS2-VASC, Me (IQR) | 4 (3–5) | 5 (4–6) | 3 (3–4.5) | <0.001 | 2 |
Notes: aχ2 test or Fisher exact test, as appropriate, for categorical variables. Student's t-test or Mann–Whitney test for continuous or interval variables.
Abbreviations: ACEIs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; BMI, body mass index; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; IQR, interquartile range; M, mean value; Me, median value; n, number of cases.