Table 2.
Association of longitudinal change in child cognitive ability from age 5 to 12 and from age 12 to 18 with neighborhood greenery exposure measured from age 5 up to the highest age of IQ testing.
| Unadjusted |
Adjusted for child genotype |
Adjusted for family socioeconomic status |
Adjusted for neighborhood socioeconomic status |
Fully adjusted |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | P | β (95% CI) | P | β (95% CI) | P | β (95% CI) | P | β (95% CI) | P | |
| Change in overall IQ from age 5 to 12 years | .01 | .607 | 0.01 | .858 | -.02 | .477 | -.03 | .325 | -.02 | .392 |
| (-.04, .07) | (-.04, .07) | (-.06, .03) | (-.09, .03) | (-.08, .03) | ||||||
| Change in crystallized ability from age 5 to 12 | .06 | .042 | .06 | .055 | .01 | .656 | .001 | .982 | .01 | .846 |
| (.002, .12) | (-.001, .11) | (-.04, .06) | (-.06, .06) | (-.05, .06) | ||||||
| Change in fluid ability from age 5 to 12 | −0.01 | .858 | −0.01 | .816 | −0.03 | .301 | −0.03 | .240 | −0.03 | .257 |
| (-.05, .03) | (-.06, .04) | (-.08, .02) | (-.09, .02) | (-.09, .02) | ||||||
| Change in overall IQ from age 12 to 18 years | −0.01 | .541 | −0.01 | .518 | −0.03 | .128 | −0.03 | .142 | −0.04 | .108 |
| (-.05, .03) | (-.05, .03) | (-.07, .01) | (-.08, .01) | (-.08, .01) | ||||||
| Change in crystallized ability from age 12 to 18 | −0.01 | .735 | −0.01 | .689 | −0.02 | .193 | −0.03 | .224 | −0.03 | .186 |
| (-.04, .03) | (-.05, .03) | (-.06, .01) | (-.07, .02) | (-.07, .01) | ||||||
| Change in fluid ability from age 12 to 18 | −0.01 | .611 | −0.01 | .623 | −0.03 | .277 | −0.03 | .243 | −0.03 | .211 |
| (-.06, .03) | (-.06, .03) | (-.07, .02) | (-.08, .02) | (-.08, .02) | ||||||
Note. 95% confidence interval (CI) reported in parentheses. Neighborhood greenery exposure was measured by taking the average of NDVI scores within a 1-mile radius of the child's home assessed from age 5 years up to the highest age of IQ assessment for each outcome in the table. Neighborhood socioeconomic status was measured using the UK Government's Index of Multiple Deprivation. All models adjusted for sex. Covariates in the fully adjusted model include sex, child polygenic score for educational attainment, family socioeconomic status, and neighborhood socioeconomic status. Analyses were conducted using full information maximum likelihood (FIML) estimated regression models to adjust estimates for missing data.