Table 1.
Cell printing. *Implants dimensions were not being clearly state in literature. Dimensions evaluation through image analysis have been performed.
| Cell line | Density | Biomaterial | Cell survival | Construct Size | In vivo | Printing | Ref. | ||
| hMSCs | in vitro 5 × 106 cells/mL | Alginate | d0 | 89% | 10 layers, 1 × 2 cm, 10 μm layer thickness | mice, subcutaneous (in vivo 1 × 107 cells/mL) | BioScaffolder (SYS + ENG) | [71] | |
| haChs | in vitro 3 × 106 cells/mL | ||||||||
| HCECs | Gelatin-Alginate + sodium citrate | d0 | 94.6% | 8 layers, 30 × 30 × 3.6 mm, 0.8 mm layer thickness | X | custom-made | [6] | ||
| hChs | 106 cells/mL | Alginate | d1 d7 |
90–94% 93.9% |
20 layers, 20 × 20 × 2 mm, 250 μm pore size, layer thickness 750 μm | X | custom-made: multi-head tissue/organ building system (MtoBS) | [56] | |
| MG63 | d1 d7 |
90–94% 95.6% |
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| MC3T3-E1 | 2.3–2.8 × 105/mL | Alginate | d1 | 84% | 27 × 27 × 4.5 mm t) pore size 488 μm layer thickness Alginate: 466 μm; PCL: 437 μm | X | custom-made (melt pot and dispensing system) | [57] | |
| hMSCs and gMSCs cells | 5–10 × 106 cells/mL | Alginate | porous constructs | 10 × 10 × 1 mm pores 0.8 mm (solid) and 2 mm (porous) and a fibre height of 100 μm | mice, subcutaneous | BioScaffolder (SYS + ENG) | [40] | ||
| d3 d7 |
85% | ||||||||
| solid graft | |||||||||
| d3 d7 |
68% 41% |
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| hASCs, hTMSCs and L6 | 1–5 × 106 cells/mL | decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) | d1 d7-d14 |
95% 90% |
*hdECM 10 × 10 × 1 mm cdECM 6 × 6 × 3 mm adECM 10 × 10 × 4 mm | X | custom-made: multi-head tissue/organ building system (MtoBS) | [50] | |
| hESC-derived HLCs | 1 × 107 cells/mL | Alginate | *hESCs 86% | 40 layers (13 mm) | X | custom-made nanolitre dispensing system | [94] | ||
| hiPSC-derived HLCs | hiPSCs 63% | ||||||||
| hMSCs, hNDFs and HUVECs | 1 × 107 cells/mL | Gelatin–Fibrinogen (hMSCs and hNDFs) Pluronic F127 (HUVECs) | d0 | 95% (gelatin processing temperature 95 °C) | 725 × 650 × 125 mm, 100–410 μm diameter nozzle | X | custom-made (4 independent printheads) | [67] | |
| HNDFs 10T1/2s HUVEC |
2 × 106 cells/mL | PLURONIC F127, Gelatin Methacrylate (GelMA) | d0 d7 |
HNDFs 70% 81% |
*10 × 10 mm, 6 layers height | X | custom-made (4 independent printheads) | [105] | |
| d0 d7 |
10T/12 61% 82% |
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| hAFSCs, | 5 × 106 cells/ml | Gelatin, Hyaluronic Acid, Glycerol, Fibrinogen, Pluronic F127 as sacrificial material | d1 | 91% | Mandible bone reconstruction 3.6 × 3 × 1.6 cm | Calvarial bone defect 8 mm diameter × 1.2 mm thickness | Integrated Tissue–Organ Printer (ITOP) | [1] | |
| reChs, | 40 × 106 cells/ml | d1 | 91% | Ear Cartilage 3.2 × 1.6 × 0.9 cm | |||||
| C2C12 | 3 × 106 cells/ml | d1 | 97% | Skeletal muscle 15 × 5 × 1 mm | |||||
| HepG2 | 1.5 × 106 cells/mL | Gelatin Methacrylamide | d0 | >97% | 13 × 13 × 1–3 mm thickness, 150–200 μm layer thickness, and fibres spacing of 350 and 550 μm | X | Bioplotter Envisiontec, GmbH | [64] | |
| BMSCs | 2.5 × 105 cells/mL | Lutrol F127 | *Lutrol F 127 | 20 × 20 mm with spacing between fibres of 300 μm and 150 μm layer thickness | X | Bioplotter Envisiontec, GmbH | [33] | ||
| d1 d3 d7 |
25% 5% 2% |
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| Matrigel | Matrigel | ||||||||
| d1 d3 d7 |
95%, 90% 98% |
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| Alginate | Alginate | ||||||||
| d1 d3 d7 |
90% 90% 97% |
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| Methylcellulose | Methylcellulose | ||||||||
| d1 d3 d7 |
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| Agarose | Agarose | ||||||||
| d1 d3 d7 |
90% 70% 75% |
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