Table 3.
Weighted characteristics of the sample; mean (SE) for each biomarker and biomarker index for the sample as a whole and by gender, age, and household income; and associations between self-rated health (SRH) and biomarkers based on logistic regression models.a
| N | Freq (%) | Total Mean (SE) |
Gender |
Age |
Household income |
Association with SRH OR (95%CI) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women Mean (SE) |
Men Mean (SE) |
25-60y Mean (SE) |
≥60y Mean (SE) |
Low Mean (SE) |
Middle Mean (SE) |
High Mean (SE) |
|||||
| Self-rated health | 15,687 | ||||||||||
| Good | 78.84 | ||||||||||
| Bad | 21.16 | ||||||||||
| Genderb | 15,687 | ||||||||||
| Women | 55.85 | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | |||||||||
| Men | 44.15 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Ageb | 15,687 | 51.11 (0.14) | |||||||||
| Working-age (25-60y) | 68.06 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Retirement-age (≥60y) | 31.94 | 0.53 (0.49–0.58) | |||||||||
| Household incomeb | 15,687 | 1741.87 (19.31) | |||||||||
| Low | 33.95 | 0.41 (0.37–0.46) | |||||||||
| Middle | 32.39 | 0.55 (0.41–0.63) | |||||||||
| High | 33.66 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| VISIBLE WEIGHT-RELATED BIOMARKERS | 15,687 | ||||||||||
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 28.01 (0.05) | 28.03 (0.07) | 28.00 (0.06) | 27.80 (0.06) | 28.48 (0.07) | 28.27 (0.09) | 28.19 (0.08) | 27.58 (0.07) | 0.93 (0.93–0.94) | ||
| Weight status | 0.77 | ||||||||||
| Underweight | 29.91 | 0.49 (0.30–0.82) | |||||||||
| Normal weight | 38.85 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Overweight | 30.47 | 0.86 (0.77–0.97) | |||||||||
| Obesity | 0.44 (0.39–0.49) | ||||||||||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 94.07 (0.12) | 89.88 (0.16) | 99.37 (0.17) | 92.51 (0.16) | 97.38 (0.18) | 94.74 (0.22) | 94.47 (0.21) | 93.01 (0.20) | 0.97 (0.96–0.97) | ||
| Abdominal obesity (AO)c | 30.42 | ||||||||||
| No AO | 24.40 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| At risk of AO | 45.18 | 1.00 (0.87–1.14) | |||||||||
| AO | 0.47 (0.42–0.53) | ||||||||||
| %Body fat (%BF) | 37.66 | 30.97 (0.10) | 36.66 (0.10) | 23.77 (0.12) | 30.31 (0.12) | 32.38 (0.15) | 31.75 (0.18) | 31.18 (0.16) | 29.98 (0.16) | 0.97 (0.96–0.97) | |
| Obesity based on %BFd | 0.71 (0.64–0.78) | ||||||||||
| Visible indexe | 5.92 (0.02) | 5.95 (0.03) | 5.88 (0.03) | 5.70 (0.02) | 6.38 (0.03) | 6.06 (0.03) | 5.99 (0.03) | 5.71 (0.03) | 0.84 (0.82–0.86) | ||
| FITNESS BIOMARKERS | 10,636 | ||||||||||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 68.80 (0.11) | 69.91 (0.14) | 67.45 (0.17) | 69.22 (0.14) | 67.91 (0.18) | 69.63 (0.20) | 68.76 (0.19) | 68.06 (0.18) | 0.98 (0.98–0.99) | ||
| Grip strength (kg) | 34.28 (0.12) | 26.97 (0.10) | 43.15 (0.16) | 36.43 (0.16) | 29.81 (0.18) | 32.57 (0.22) | 34.33 (0.22) | 35.84 (0.21) | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) | ||
| FEV1% | 92.40 (0.17) | 93.39 (0.23) | 91.21 (0.26) | 93.49 (0.19) | 90.12 (0.35) | 90.03 (0.33) | 92.34 (0.29) | 94.68 (0.26) | 1.02 (1.02–1.03) | ||
| FVC% | 97.37 (0.16) | 98.13 (0.22) | 96.43 (0.23) | 97.62 (0.19) | 69.84 (0.31) | 95.76 (0.31) | 97.18 (0.27) | 99.05 (0.25) | 1.02 (1.02–1.03) | ||
| Fitness indexe | 7.93 (0.02) | 7.92 (0.03) | 7.94 (0.03) | 7.70 (0.03) | 8.41 (0.03) | 8.29 (0.04) | 7.93 (0.04) | 7.60 (0.04) | 0.80 (0.73–0.82) | ||
| FATIGUE BIOMARKERS | 9,321 | ||||||||||
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 2.09 (0.02) | 2.23 (0.03) | 1.93 (0.03) | 1.94 (0.03) | 2.37 (0.04) | 2.35 (0.04) | 2.13 (0.04) | 1.81 (0.03) | 0.86 (0.84–0.88) | ||
| Fibrinogen (g/L) | 2.77 (0.01) | 2.82 (0.01) | 2.70 (0.01) | 2.67 (0.01) | 2.94 (0.01) | 2.84 (0.01) | 2.78 (0.01) | 2.68 (0.01) | 0.61 (0.55–0.69) | ||
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 137.32 (0.15) | 130.48 (0.15) | 145.49 (0.19) | 138.01 (0.20) | 136.03 (0.22) | 137.75 (0.27) | 137.24 (0.26) | 137.94 (0.26) | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | ||
| Anemiaf | 10.30 | 0.75 (0.64–0.88) | |||||||||
| Ferritin (μg/L) | 133.80 (1.29) | 92.54 (1.16) | 183.04 (2.16) | 126.08 (1.64) | 148.42 (2.07) | 127.68 (2.25) | 131.54 (2.13) | 141.79 (2.29) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | ||
| CMV infection | 51.7 | 0.84 (0.75–0.94) | |||||||||
| Fatigue indexe | 8.04 (0.02) | 8.10 (0.03) | 7.97 (0.03) | 7.86 (0.03) | 8.39 (0.03) | 8.28 (0.04) | 8.10 (0.03) | 7.76 (0.03) | 0.84 (0.81–0.87) | ||
| DISEASE RISK BIOMARKERS | 6,847 | ||||||||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 126.49 (0.20) | 123.41 (0.29) | 130.19 (0.29) | 122.82 (0.25) | 133.35 (0.34) | 127.85 (0.41) | 126.38 (0.35) | 125.38 (0.34) | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | ||
| DBP (mmHg) | 73.64 (0.13) | 72.74 (0.18) | 74.71 (0.21) | 74.31 (0.18) | 72.39 (0.21) | 73.16 (0.25) | 73.72 (0.23) | 74.00 (0.22) | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | ||
| FEV1% | 92.76 (0.21) | 93.28 (0.29) | 92.13 (0.31) | 93.91 (0.24) | 90.60 (0.42) | 90.25 (0.41) | 92.69 (0.36) | 95.08 (0.33) | 1.02 (1.02–1.02) | ||
| FVC% | 97.92 (0.19) | 98.21 (0.27) | 97.56 (0.28) | 98.17 (0.23) | 97.44 (0.36) | 96.24 (0.38) | 97.67 (0.33) | 99.66 (0.30) | 1.02 (1.02–1.03) | ||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.43 (0.01) | 5.46 (0.02) | 5.39 (0.02) | 5.42 (0.02) | 5.44 (0.02) | 5.38 (0.03) | 5.39 (0.02) | 5.50 (0.02) | 1.16 (1.09–1.23) | ||
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.56 (0.01) | 1.68 (0.01) | 1.41 (0.01) | 1.55 (0.01) | 1.59 (0.01) | 1.54 (0.01) | 1.53 (0.01) | 1.60 (0.01) | 2.01 (1.67–2.42) | ||
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.74 (0.01) | 1.55 (0.01) | 1.96 (0.02) | 1.71 (0.02) | 1.78 (0.02) | 1.76 (0.02) | 1.75 (0.02) | 1.71 (0.02) | 0.82 (0.77–0.88) | ||
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 36.84 (0.08) | 36.66 (0.11) | 37.05 (0.13) | 35.40 (0.09) | 39.52 (0.13) | 37.86 (0.16) | 36.79 (0.14) | 35.97 (0.11) | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | ||
| Disease indexe | 16.03 (0.04) | 16.11 (0.06) | 15.93 (0.06) | 15.62 (0.06) | 16.80 (0.06) | 16.44 (0.07) | 16.09 (0.07) | 15.60 (0.07) | 0.89 (0.87–0.91) | ||
Logistic regression models predicting reporting a “good” health and adjusted for age, gender, and household income (in tertiles).
Associations between SRH and gender, age and household income were examined with a logistic regression model with SRH as the dependent variable and gender, age, and income as independent variables (all in one model).
WC > 102 cm for men and >88 cm for women = abdominal obesity; WC between 94 and 102 cm for men and between 80 and 88 cm for women = at risk of abdominal obesity; WC < 94 for men and WC < 80 for women = normal.
%BF>30% for women and >25% for men = obesity; %BF ≤ 30% for women and %BF ≤ 25% for men = no obesity.
Biomarker indices are operationalized as continuous variables with higher values reflecting the worse outcomes in each particular category. The visible index ranges from 3 to 9; the fitness and fatigue indices from 4 to 12; and the disease index from 8 to 24.
Hemoglobin (Hb) < 130 g/L for men and Hb < 120 g/L for women = anemia; Hb ≥ 130 g/L for men and Hb ≥ 120 g/L for women = no anemia.