Table 3:
Marginal effects of receiving family care on acute care utilization and spending
| Panel A: Naïve | Panel B: Reduced Form | Panel C: IV Model | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family Involvement | Marginal Effect |
95% CI | Marginal Effect |
95% CI | Marginal Effect |
95% CI |
| First Stage | 0.0519*** | [−0.574,0.00631] | ||||
| Utilization | ||||||
| Any ER Use | −0.0412* | [−0.0807,−0.00158] | −0.0260** | [−0.0476,−0.00436] | −0.284* | [−0.574,0.00631] |
| Inpatient Days | ||||||
| Any Inpatient Days | −0.0769*** | [−0.121,−0.0324] | −0.0202 | [−0.0443,0.00388] | −0.324* | [−0.658,0.0112] |
| Number of Inpatient Days | −2.221*** | [−3.285,−1.158] | −0.759** | [−1.369,−0.148] | −10.14* | [−17.91,−2.358] |
| Medicaid Inpatient Spending | ||||||
| Any Medicaid Inpatient Spending | −0.0685*** | [−0.112,−0.0252] | −0.0223* | [−0.0459,0.00128] | −0.371* | [−0.697,−0.0455] |
| # Months with Inpatient $ | −0.165*** | [−0.248,−0.0830] | −0.0460* | −0.0939,0.00183] | −0.735* | [−1.373,−0.0974] |
| Medicaid Inpatient $ | −296.2* | [−616.2,23.81] | −188.7* | [−363.2,−14.12] | −1603.8 | [−3801.6,594.1] |
| Health Outcomes | ||||||
| Health Poor | −0.00466 | [−0.0556,0.0462] | −0.0228 | [−0.0509,0.00530] | −0.0634 | [−0.462,0.335] |
| Urinary Tract Infection | −0.0408** | [−0.0806,−0.00100 | −0.0266** | [−0.0488,−0.00435] | −0.305* | [−0.615,0.00451] |
| Respiratory Infection | −0.0417* | [−0.0866,0.00321] | −0.0200 | [−0.0453,0.00529] | −0.416* | [−0.767,−0.0651] |
| Bedsores | −0.0414*** | [−0.0665,−0.0162] | −0.0211** | [−0.0363,−0.00593] | −0.160 | [−0.365,0.0465] |
| Contractures | 0.0138 | [−0.0300,0.0576] | −0.0354** | [−0.0591,−0.0117] | −0.183 | [−0.517,0.150] |
| Shortness of Breath | −0.0509* | [−0.0975,−0.00432] | −0.0547*** | [−0.0807,−0.0287] | −0.499* | [−0.859,−0.139] |
Note: The significance levels of 1%, 5%, and 10% are denoted by ***, **, and *, respectively. 95% confidence intervals in brackets. All regressions include the following controls: gender, race (black or other race; white is reference), ethnicity (not Hispanic is reference), age measured in ranges (18–64 and age 80 and above, 65–79 is reference), marital status at baseline, two types of unpaid care received at baseline (transportation, house or community activities), and a set of pre-randomization health status variables and state fixed effects.