Table 1.
Demographic and laboratory characteristics of study children
| Characteristic | CC (n = 173) | SMA (n = 219) | CM (n = 260) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, median (IQR), years | 3.6 (2.6, 4.6) | 2.9 (2.1, 4.5) | 3.5 (2.5, 4.9) | 0.0002 |
| Female sex, (%) no. | 94 (54.3) | 86 (39.3) | 107 (41.2) | 0.006 |
| Weight-for-age z score, median (IQR) | − 1.0 (− 1.5, − 0.3) | − 1.5 (− 2.2, − 0.7) | − 1.2 (− 1.9, − 0.5) | 0.0001 |
| Height-for-age z score, median (IQR) | − 1.1 (− 1.7, − 0.4) | − 1.0 (− 1.9, − 0.3) | − 0.6 (− 1.9, − 0.5) | 0.002 |
| Socioeconomic status score, median (IQR)1 | 9 (8, 12) | 9 (7, 11) | 9 (8, 11) | 0.355 |
| Home environment z score, median (IQR)1 | 0.12 (− 0.71, 0.85) | − 0.05 (− 0.71, 0.67) | − 0.02 (− 0.71, 0.71) | 0.523 |
| Maternal education level, no. (%)1 | ||||
| Primary 6 or lower | 47 (27.2) | 88 (38.6) | 80 (36.7) | 0.348 |
| Primary 7 | 42 (24.3) | 47 (20.6) | 45 (20.6) | |
| Secondary or higher | 74 (42.8) | 80 (35.1) | 83 (38.1) | |
| Not known | 10 (5.8) | 13 (5.7) | 10 (4.6) | |
| Paternal education level, no. (%)1 | ||||
| Primary 6 or lower | 24 (13.9) | 50 (22.9) | 38 (16.7) | 0.076 |
| Primary 7 | 33 (19.1) | 31 (14.2) | 40 (17.5) | |
| Secondary or higher | 90 (52.0) | 98 (45.0) | 98 (43.0) | |
| Not known | 26 (15.0) | 39 (17.9) | 52 (22.8) | |
| Child any education, no. (%)1 | 72 (41.9) | 56 (26.3) | 85 (38.1) | 0.008 |
| Laboratory characteristics2 | SMA vs. CM | |||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.8 (11.0, 12.6) | 3.9 (3.2, 4.5) | 6.8 (5.1, 8.7) | < 0.0001 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | – | 6.4 (4.7, 8.2) | 6.6 (4.9, 8.9) | 0.162 |
| Lactate, mmol/L | – | 4.8 (3.0, 8.0) | 3.8 (2.2, 6.7) | 0.002 |
| WBC, × 103/μL | 8.6 (7.2, 10.6) | 11.5 (8.2, 16.2) | 9.4 (7.2, 13.9) | 0.0001 |
| Platelet, ×103/μL | 383 (289, 449) | 149 (91, 225) | 60 (34, 111) | < 0.0001 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 1.3 (0.7, 2.1) | 1.6 (0.9. 2.7) | 0.004 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), U/L | 162 (232, 311) | 762 (621, 990) | 829 (630, 1116) | 0.069 |
| Plasma albumin, g/dL | 3.7 (3.4, 3.9) | 2.6 (2.3, 3.0) | 2.6 (2.4, 2.9) | 0.898 |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 137 (135, 138) | 134 (132, 136) | 132 (128, 136) | < 0.0001 |
| Peripheral parasite density, parasites/uL | 0 (0, 0) | 34,970 (10,085, 134,925) | 48,420 (10,830, 282,400) | 0.0286 |
| Plasma PfHRP2, ng/mL | 5 (5, 118) | 944 (367, 2790) | 2828 (1024, 5546) | < 0.0001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.30 (0.24, 0.35) | 0.35 (0.28, 0.46) | 0.42 (0.31, 0.55) | < 0.0001 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 7 (5, 9) | 13 (9, 20) | 17 (12, 25) | < 0.0001 |
Continuous measures presented as median (interquartile range) unless otherwise indicated. Continuous measures compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Count measures compared using Pearson’s chi-square or Fisher’s exact, as appropriate
1Assessed on survivors (n = 218 in SMA, n = 228 in CM)
2Data on laboratory characteristics presented for all children, as available, but analyzed using Wilcoxon rank-sum test comparing the differences between SMA and CM