Table 4.
Repeated-measures ANOVA results for sugars, sodium, saturated fats, and calories in beverage and food purchase selections within an experimental marketplace with varied tax and FOP label conditions (N = 3584)
| Sugars | Sodium | Saturated fats | Calories | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BEVERAGE PURCHASES | ||||
| Main Effects Model Statistics | ||||
| Tax condition | F (3.95, 14126.96) = 68.55* | F (3.98, 14233.92) = 10.01* | F (3.97, 14219.73) = 3.45* | F (3.96, 14158.14) = 71.78* |
| Label condition | F (4, 3579) = 1.63 | F (4, 3579) = 0.89 | F (4, 3579) = 1.74 | F (4, 3579) = 2.50* |
| Tax condition × Label condition | F (15.79, 14126.96) = 0.45 | F (15.91, 14233.92) = 1.23 | F (15.89, 14219.73) = 1.23 | F (15.82, 14158.14) = 0.44 |
| Pairwise comparisons: Tax conditions |
Mean difference g (95% CI) |
Mean difference mg (95% CI) |
Mean difference g (95% CI) |
Mean difference kcal (95% CI) |
| no tax – 20% SSB | 3.68 (3.02, 4.34)* | 6.62 (4.27, 8.97)* | 0.03 (0.01, 0.06)* | 14.47 (11.84, 17.09)* |
| no tax – 20% SD | 4.77 (4.10, 5.45)* | 2.51 (0.04, 4.97)* | -0.001 (-0.03, 0.03) | 19.78 (17.11, 22.46)* |
| no tax – tiered SSB | 3.61 (2.97, 4.25)* | 3.51 (1.08, 5.93)* | 0.04 (0.01, 0.07)* | 14.27 (11.73, 16.82)* |
| no tax – tiered SD | 4.22 (3.56, 4.87)* | 0.02 (-2.50, 2.54) | 0.01 (-0.02, 0.03) | 17.42 (14.81, 20.02)* |
| 20% SSB – 20% SD | 1.09 (0.48, 1.70)* | -4.11 (-6.45, -1.77)* | -0.03 (-0.06, -0.01)* | 5.32 (2.82, 7.82)* |
| 20% SSB – tiered SSB | -0.07 (-0.69, 0.55) | -3.12 (-5.50, -0.73)* | 0.01 (-0.02, 0.04) | -0.19 (-2.66, 2.28) |
| 20% SSB – tiered SD | 0.54 (-0.08, 1.15) | -6.60 (-9.05, -4.15)* | -0.02 (-0.05, 0.01) | 2.95 (0.46, 5.45)* |
| 20% SD – tiered SSB | -1.16 (-1.77, -0.55)* | 1.00 (-1.41, 3.40) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.07)* | -5.51 (-7.99, -3.03)* |
| 20% SD – tiered SD | -0.55 (-1.16, 0.05) | -2.49 (-4.88, -0.09)* | 0.01 (-0.02, 0.03) | -2.36 (-4.75, 0.02) |
| tiered SSB – tiered SD | 0.61 (-0.01, 1.22) | -3.48 (-5.89, -1.08)* | -0.03 (-0.06, -0.01)* | 3.15 (0.69, 5.60)* |
| Pairwise comparisons: Label conditions |
Mean difference g (95% CI) |
Mean difference mg (95% CI) |
Mean difference g (95% CI) |
Mean difference kcal (95% CI) |
| no label – high in | 2.50 (0.56, 4.45)* | 5.35 (-1.27, 11.97) | 0.10 (0.02, 0.18)* | 12.62 (4.65, 20.59)* |
| no label – MTL | 1.18 (-0.77, 3.13) | 3.92 (-2.71, 10.55) | 0.08 (-0.01, 0.16) | 7.36 (-0.62, 15.34) |
| no label – health star rating | 1.53 (-0.42, 3.47) | 4.87 (-1.74, 11.48) | 0.06 (-0.02, 0.14) | 7.03 (-0.93, 14.98) |
| no label – nutrition grade | 1.22 (-0.72, 3.16) | 1.73 (-4.88, 8.35) | 0.03 (-0.05, 0.11) | 5.16 (-2.80, 13.12) |
| high in – MTL | -1.32 (-3.28, 0.64) | -1.43 (-8.09, 5.23) | -0.02 (-0.10, 0.06) | -5.26 (-13.28, 2.75) |
| high in – health star rating | -0.98 (-2.93, 0.98) | -0.48 (-7.12, 6.16) | -0.04 (-0.12, 0.04) | -5.59 (-13.58, 2.40) |
| high in – nutrition grade | -1.28 (-3.23, 0.67) | -3.62 (-10.25, 3.02) | -0.07 (-0.15, 0.02) | -7.47 (-15.34, 0.62) |
| MTL – health star rating | 0.35 (-1.61, 2.30) | 0.95 (-5.70, 7.60) | -0.02 (-0.10, 0.06) | -0.33 (-8.34, 7.67) |
| MTL – nutrition grade | 0.04 (-1.92, 1.99) | -2.19 (-8.84, 4.47) | -0.05 (-0.13, 0.03) | -2.20 (-10.21, 5.80) |
| health star rating – nutrition grade | -0.31 (-2.26, 1.64) | -3.13 (-9.76, 3.50) | -0.03 (-0.11, 0.06) | -1.87 (-9.85, 6.11) |
| FOOD PURCHASES | ||||
| Main Effects Model Statistics | ||||
| Tax condition | F (1.99, 7125.23) = 50.02* | F (2, 7158) = 2.64 | F (2.00, 7145.09) = 5.12* | F (2, 7158) = 15.04* |
| Label condition | F (4, 3579) = 0.28 | F (4, 3579) = 2.24 | F (4, 3579) = 1.48 | F (4, 3579) = 2.87* |
| Tax condition × Label condition | F (7.96, 7125.23) = 0.84 | F (8, 7158) = 0.61 | F (7.99, 7145.09) = 1.19 | F (8, 7158) = 0.99 |
| Pairwise comparisons: Tax conditions |
Mean difference g (95% CI) |
Mean difference mg (95% CI) |
Mean difference g (95% CI) |
Mean difference kcal (95% CI) |
| no tax – 20% | 1.54 (1.20, 1.88)* | -3.93 (-8.08, 0.22) | 0.08 (0.03, 0.13)* | 6.71 (4.20, 9.21)* |
| no tax – tiered | 1.37 (1.04, 1.71)* | -4.42 (-8.59, -0.26)* | 0.05 (0.01, 0.10)* | 5.31 (2.77, 7.85)* |
| 20% – tiered | -0.16 (-0.48, 0.16) | -0.49 (-4.58, 3.60) | -0.03 (-0.08, 0.02) | -1.40 (-3.94, 1.15) |
| Pairwise comparisons: Label conditions |
Mean difference g (95% CI) |
Mean difference mg (95% CI) |
Mean difference g (95% CI) |
Mean difference kcal (95% CI) |
| no label – high in | 0.24 (-0.64, 1.12) | 13.42 (0.78, 26.05)* | 0.12 (-0.01, 0.26) | 8.97 (1.10, 16.84)* |
| no label – MTL | -0.04 (-0.92, 0.85) | 15.03 (2.37, 27.69)* | 0.12 (-0.02, 0.25) | 11.43 (3.55, 19.31)* |
| no label – health star rating | 0.33 (-0.55, 1.21) | 11.50 (-1.12, 24.12) | 0.10 (-0.03, 0.23) | 8.05 (0.19, 15.91)* |
| no label – nutrition grade | 0.28 (-0.60, 1.16) | 2.27 (-10.35, 14.89) | 0.02 (-0.12, 0.15) | 2.23 (-5.63, 10.09) |
| high in – MTL | -0.27 (-1.16, 0.61) | 1.61 (-11.10, 14.32) | -0.004 (-0.14, 0.13) | 2.46 (-5.46, 10.38) |
| high in – health star rating | 0.09 (-0.79, 0.97) | -1.92 (-14.59, 10.75) | -0.02 (-0.16, 0.11) | -0.92 (-8.81, 6.97) |
| high in – nutrition grade | 0.04 (-0.84, 0.92) | -11.15 (-23.82, 1.53) | -0.11 (-0.24, 0.03) | -6.74 (-14.63, 1.16) |
| MTL – health star rating | 0.36 (-0.52, 1.25) | -3.53 (-16.22, 9.17) | -0.02 (-0.15, 0.12) | -3.38 (-11.28, 4.53) |
| MTL – nutrition grade | 0.31 (-0.57, 1.20) | -12.76 (-25.45, -0.06)* | -0.10 (-0.24, 0.03) | -9.20 (-17.10, -1.29)* |
| health star rating – nutrition grade | -0.05 (-0.93, 0.83) | -9.23 (-21.89, 3.43) | -0.08 (-0.22, 0.05) | -5.82 (-13.70, 2.07) |
95% CI, 95% confidence interval; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverage; SD, sugary drink; MTL, multiple traffic light
*p<.05