Fig. 1.

Cell death or growth of HPMCs in response to repeating exposure to hypertonic PD solutions. Immortalized HPMCs (0.25 × 10⁶ cells/well) were seeded in 24-well plates in a culture medium for 18 h, followed by 6 h in either PYS or HPG solution (total 24 h or a day) in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator at 37 °C. The level of LDH release was determined at the end of each treatment cycle (18-h medium/6-h hypertonic solution) to calculate the percentage of cell death or growth of cultured HPMCs based on the baseline in untreated control at day 0. a Percentage of cell death. PYS vs HPG: p < 0.0001, two-way ANOVA, and cell death decline over time in PYS (p < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA) or in HPG (p = 0.0161, one-way ANOVA). b Percentage of cell growth. HPG vs. PYS (p < 0.0001, two-way ANOVA), and cell growth recovery over time in PYS (p = 0.0382, one-way ANOVA) or in HPG (p < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA). Data were presented as mean ± standard derivation (SD) of four separate experiments (n = 4)