Table 2.
Summery of included studies which reported the relationship of pediatric hypertension (HTN) and smoking
| Author, year; country | Type of survey | Study type | Total sample | Sexa | Age | HTN definitionb | Smoking definition | Type of exposer | BP measurements method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akis, 2009; Turkey [28] | Local | Case-control | 236 | 42 | 12 to 14 | BP > 95th | More than 1 cigarette per week | Active | Three times measurement of BP using an automatic sphygmomanometer device |
| Bozza, 2016; Brazil [29] | Local | Cross-section | 1242 | 596 | 11 to 17 | BP > 95th | Cigarettes smoked 10 to 30 days | Active | Two times measurement of BP using auscultatory method |
| Christofaro, 2015; Brazil [30] | Local | Cross-section | 1231 | NR | 14 to 17 | BP > 95th | Current daily smoking at least 1 cigarette | Active | two times measurement of BP using an automatic oscillometric device |
| Cinteza, 2013; Romania [31] | Regional | Cross-section | 4886 | 2407 | 3 to 17 | BP > 95th | Current smoking | Active | Three times measurement of BP. First measurement using an automatic oscillometric device and a BP mercury device for the second and the third measurement |
| Crispim, 2014; Brazil [32] | Local | Cross-section | 276 | 145 | 2 to 4 | BP > 95th | Current smoking | Passive (domestic) | Two times measurement of BP using a semi-automatic an oscillometric device |
| Dasgupta, 2006; Canada [33] | Local | Cohort | 1267 | 1018 | 10 to 18 | BP > 90th | Current smoking | Active | Three times measurement of BP using an automatic oscillometric device |
| Giussani, 2013; Italy [34] | Regional | Cross-section | 1310 | 682 | 5 to 14 | BP > 90th | At least one parent with smoking habit | Passive (domestic) | Two times measurement of BP using a aneroid sphygmomanometer device |
| Gomes, 2009; Brazil [35] | Local | Cross-section | 1875 | 718 | 14 to 20 | BP > 95th | NR | Active | Single measurement of BP using an automatic oscillometric device |
| Guo, 2011; China [36] | Local | Cross-section | 4445 | 2298 | 5 to 18 | BP > 95th | At least 1 cigarette per month | Active | Two times measurement of BP using a mercury sphygmomanometer device |
| International Collaborative Group, 1984; Europe [37] | International | Cohort | 2704 | NR | 14 | BP > 95th | More than 5 cigarette per week | Active; pregnancy | Three times measurement of BP using a mercury sphygmomanometer device |
| Nur, 2008; Turkey [38] | Local | Cross-section | 1020 | 593 | 14 to 18 | BP > 95th | NR | Active | Three times measurement of BP using a mercury sphygmomanometer device |
| Pileggi, 2005; Italy [39] | Local | Cross-section | 603 | 284 | 6 to 18 | BP > 95th | Current smoking | Active | Three times measurement of BP using a mercury sphygmomanometer device |
| Shankaran, 2006; USA [40] | Regional | Cohort | 516 | 275 | 6 | BP > 95th | NR | Pregnancy | Two times measurement of BP using an automatic oscillometric device |
| Simonetti, 2011; Germany [42] | National | Cross-section | 4236 | 2181 | 4 to 7.5 | BP > 95th | Current smoking | Passive (domestic) | Three times measurement of BP using an auscultatory aneroid sphygmomanometry device |
| van den Berg, 2013; Netherland [41] | Local | Cohort | 3024 | 1521 | 5 to 6 | BP > 90th | NR | Passive (domestic) | Two or three times measurement of BP using an automatic sphygmomanometer device |
aMale sex (number of children);
bHypertension (HTN) was defined as systolic or diastolic blood pressure more than 95th percentile; Prehypertension was defined as systolic or diastolic blood pressure between 90th and 95th percentiles
BP Blood pressure, NA Not applicable, NR Not reported