Table 3.
Characteristics and differences between participants with healthy vascular ageing (first definition), controls, and early vascular ageing in the Metabolic syndrome and Artery Research Consortium
| HVA (n = 1723) | Control (n = 14866) | EVA (n = 1937) | ANCOVA (adjusted for age, sex, hypertension) P for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 52.4 ± 17.1 | 52.5 ± 16.5 | 52.2 ± 16.2 | — |
| Women (%) | 59.4 | 58.4 | 45.7 | — |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2 ± 4.2 | 27.1 ± 5.1 | 27.8 ± 5.3 | 0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 85.1 ± 12.8 | 90.7 ± 14.0 | 93.3 ± 13.8 | 0.0001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 88.9 ± 18.2 | 95.7 ± 23.4 | 99.2 ± 30.1 | 0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 204.3 ± 41.8 | 217.8 ± 50.2 | 223.2 ± 50.1 | 0.0001 |
| HDL 0cholesterol (mg/dl) | 63.4 ± 17.5 | 59.0 ± 18.8 | 53.8 ± 17.6 | 0.0001 |
| Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 140.9 ± 40.7 | 158.9 ± 51.9 | 169.5 ± 51.1 | 0.0001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 88.8 ± 56.0 | 114.6 ± 120.0 | 138.7 ± 148.4 | 0.0001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 120.5 ± 16.7 | 130.3 ± 18.9 | 140.2 ± 21.6 | 0.0001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73.3 ± 10.2 | 79.0 ± 11.2 | 84.8 ± 12.8 | 0.0001 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 89.0 ± 11.3 | 96.0 ± 12.6 | 103.1 ± 14.4 | 0.0001 |
| PP (mmHg) | 47.4 ± 12.4 | 51.5 ± 13.8 | 46.0 ± 16.9 | 0.001 |
| HR (bpm) | 64.6 ± 10.2 | 67.3 ± 11.0 | 70.9 ± 11.6 | 0.0001 |
| Central SBP (mmHg)a | 117.3 ± 18.5 (367) | 125.1 ± 19.1 (7290) | 130.1 ±23.5 (1064) | 0.0001 |
| Central PP (mmHg)a | 41.4 ± 14.5 | 43.4 ± 13.9 | 46.0 ± 16.9 | 0.0001 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/ml)a | 0.84 ± 0.19 | 0.85 ± 0.25 | 0.89 ± 0.37 | 0.0001 |
| PWV (m/s) | 5.5 ± 0.9 | 8.2 ± 2.2 | 13.1 ± 3.8 | 0.0001 |
| PWV/MBP | 6.3 ± 1.2 | 8.7 ± 2.2 | 12.8 ± 3.8 | 0.0001 |
| CCA IMT (mm)a | 0.58 ± 0.13 (1349) | 0.69 ± 0.24 (9148) | 0.85 ± 0.31 (768) | 0.0001 |
| PP amplification (%)a (n) | 128.2 ± 21.9 (367) | 131.6 ± 30.4 (7290) | 132.4 ±33.0 (1064) | 0.01 |
| Hypertension (%) | 26.3 | 44.1 | 48.3 | — |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 4.6 | 8.7 | 11.0 | 0.0001 |
| Overweight (%) | 17.0 | 14.3 | 13.5 | 0.01 |
| Obesity (%) | 12.4 | 23.0 | 26.0 | 0.0001 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 8.4 | 24.4 | 31.9 | 0.0001 |
| N of altered MetS components | 0.8 ± 1.1 | 1.5 ± 1.3 | 1.9 ± 1.3 | 0.0001 |
| Low HDL cholesterol | 13.1 | 21.8 | 31.5 | 0.0001 |
| Elevated waist circumference | 27.0 | 39.8 | 40.9 | 0.0001 |
| Elevated triglycerides | 9.6 | 20.6 | 29.6 | 0.0001 |
| Elevated blood pressure | 25.6 | 46.9 | 67.0 | 0.0001 |
| Elevated fasting glucose | 7.9 | 17.8 | 21.8 | 0.0001 |
Means (SD) and proportions (%). Definitions of the metabolic syndrome [17] needed for elevated variables: Low HDL cholesterol less than 40 mg/dl for men or less than 50 mg/dl for women. Elevated waist circumference greater than 102 cm for men or greater than 88 cm for women. Elevated triglycerides at least 150 mg/dl. Elevated blood pressure at least 130 mmHg/at least 85 mmHg or use of antihypertensive medications. Elevated fasting glucose at least 110 mg/dl or use of antidiabetic medications. CCA IMT, common carotid artery intima-media thickness; EVA, early vascular ageing; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HR, heart rate; HVA, healthy vascular ageing; MetS, metabolic syndrome; PP, pulse pressure; PWV, pulse wave velocity.
Measurement not available for each participant.