(a) Relevant parameter domains in (εh, ε)-space and in (σ, ε)–space (inset; both logarithmic), related through σ = 1/(εh/ε – 1). Boundaries are colored consistently across panels to help visualize the transformations between spaces. (b) Model manifold in output space, as (εh, ε) vary and κ = 10 is fixed. (c–d) Model manifold observed in DMAPS space, colored by εh in panel (c) and by ε in panel (d). (e) Similar to (a) but with uniform (not logarithmic) spacing, and with the highlighted regions εh ≪ 1 (orange triangle) and ε ≪ 1 (orange triangle and purple rectangle). (f) Image of the regions highlighted in panel (e) in DMAPS space.