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Upstream mechanisms underlying CASC2 downregulation and downstream effector pathways of CASC2 in human cancers. Genetic mechanisms (ie, point mutations and copy number loss) and aberrant upregulation of miR‐21 contribute to loss‐of‐function or downregulation of CASC2 in human cancers. CASC2 exerts its tumour‐suppressive effects through chelation of oncogenic microRNAs (eg, miR‐18a, miR‐21 and miR‐181a) and inhibition of oncogenic pathways (eg, Wnt/β‐catenin, ERK/MAPK and JNK)
