Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) characterization. hPDLSCs showed the capacity of colony‐forming (A), osteogenic differentiation (B) and adipogenic differentiation (C). Flow cytometric analysis confirmed that hPDLSCs positively expressed CD44, CD90, CD105, CD146 and CD166, while negatively expressed CD34 (D). Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that hPDLSCs positively expressed vimentin and negatively expressed cytokeratin (E)