Table 2.
Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) for the association of smoking and heart failure
| HF | HFrEF | HFpEF | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Smoking Status | |||||||||
| Never | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) |
| Former | 1.18 (0.91, 1.53) | 1.17 (0.88, 1.56) | 1.11 (0.83, 1.48) | 1.02 (0.64, 1.61) | 1.05 (0.62, 1.79) | 0.97 (0.57, 1.64) | 1.56 (0.97, 2.50) | 1.36 (0.81, 2.27) | 1.29 (0.77, 2.15) |
| Current | 1.73 (1.19, 2.52) | 2.05 (1.36, 3.09) | 1.80 (1.19, 2.73) | 2.21 (1.26, 3.88) | 2.58 (1.27, 5.25) | 2.11 (1.06, 4.21) | 1.97 (0.95, 4.07) | 2.51 (1.15, 5.49) | 2.25 (1.04, 4.90) |
| Smoking Intensity (Cigarettes/Day) Among Current Smokers | |||||||||
| 1 – 9 | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) |
| 10 – 20 | 0.70 (0.36,1.37) | 0.59 (0.27,1.27) | 0.55 (0.25,1.19) | 1.20 (0.42,3.43) | 1.08 (0.29,4.02) | 0.79 (0.22,2.84) | 0.62 (0.16,2.4 1) | 0.102 (0.004,2.778) | 0.071 (0.001,6.636) |
| >20 | 0.42 (0.12,1.49) | 0.57 (0.15,2.12) | 0.48 (0.12,1.85) | 0.43 (0.04,4.28) | 0.84 (0.07,9.65) | 0.61 (0.05,7.74) | 1.09 (0.15,8.01) | 5.80 (0.89,37.80) | 7.01 (0.04,1297.0) |
| p-value for trend | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.67 | 0.97 | 0.63 | 0.91 | 0.76 | 0.83 |
| Smoking Burden (pack-years) Among Current and Former Smokers | |||||||||
| Tertile 1: <8 | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) |
| Tertile 2:8 – 25 | 1.05 (0.70, 1.57) | 1.00 (0.64, 1.55) | 0.96 (0.62, 1.49) | 0.85 (0.44, 1.66) | 0.89 (0.42, 1.90) | 0.81 (0.36, 1.79) | 0.96 (0.46, 2.00) | 0.87 (0.40, 1.90) | 0.86 (0.39, 1.88) |
| Tertile 3: >26 | 1.21 (0.83, 1.79) | 1.16 (0.76, 1.77) | 1.04 (0.68, 1.60) | 0.86 (0.44, 1.68) | 0.99 (0.46, 2.16) | 0.74 (0.33, 1.64) | 1.13 (0.58, 2.23) | 0.98 (0.47, 2.03) | 0.89 (0.43, 1.86) |
| p-value for trend | 0.33 | 0.48 | 0.82 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.47 | 0.71 | 0.96 | 0.78 |
| Time Since Quitting (quit-years) Among Former Smokers | |||||||||
| Tertile 1: <16 | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) | l (ref) |
| Tertile 2: 16 – 28 | 0.89 (0.57,1.41) | 0.76 (0.46,1.25) | 0.83 (0.50,1.38) | 1.07 (0.43,2.69) | 1.02 (0.33,3.12) | 1.28 (0.44,3.72) | 0.77 (0.34,1.75) | 0.61 (0.25,1.48) | 0.65 (0.25,1.65) |
| Tertile 3: >29 | 0.62 (0.39,0.97) | 0.66 (0.41,1.06) | 0.71 (0.44,1.14) | 0.93 (0.37,2.30) | 0.95 (0.31,2.94) | 1.10 (0.38,3.16) | 0.68 (0.32,1.46) | 0.77 (0.34,1.71) | 0.81 (0.36,1.80) |
| p-value for trend | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.85 | 0.93 | 0.89 | 0.33 | 0.58 | 0.66 |
- Model 1: Age, sex, race/ethnicity
- Model 2: Age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, BMI, SBP, antihypertensive medication, LDL-C, HDL-C, lipid-lowering medication, DM, moderate-vigorous physical activity, Mediterranean diet, salt intake, alcohol use
- Model 3: Age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, BMI, SBP, antihypertensive medication, LDL-C, HDL-C, lipid-lowering medication, DM, moderate-vigorous physical activity, Mediterranean diet, salt intake, alcohol use, hsCRP, CAC
- Bolded results are significant