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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2019 Apr 15;13(5):823–834. doi: 10.1002/term.2834

Figure 6. Mechanisms induced by Col-GAG on osteoprogenitors and osteoclast progenitors.

Figure 6.

Col-GAG induces osteogenic differentiation of primary hMSCs via both an autogenous activation of the canonical BMPR signaling pathway with phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (Mechanism 1, green arrows). Col-GAG directly inhibits resorptive activity of osteoclasts even in the absence of differentiating hMSCs (Mechanism 2, red line). Although OPG expression is present in hMSCs differentiated on Col-GAG, a net activation of osteoclast mediated resorption occurs through unclear mechanisms (Mechanism 3, blue dashed line).