Table 1.
References for benchmark contiguity effects.
| Effect | Originally reported in | Page in current paper | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Temporal Contiguity in free recall | Kahana (1996) | 3 |
| 2. | Forward asymmetry | Kahana (1996) | 4 |
| 3. | Higher for early and late output positions | Kahana (1996) | 4 |
| 4. | Consistent across serial positions | Current paper | 4 |
| 5. | Compound cuing | Lohnas & Kahana (2014) | 5 |
| 6. | Fluctuations in efficiency of encoding | Current paper | 5 |
| 7. | Consistency across individuals | Healey & Kahana (2014) | 7 |
| 8. | Changes across the lifespan | Kahana et al. (2002) | 7 |
| 9. | Personality and clinical variables | Polyn et al. (2015);Pajkossy et al. (2017) | 7 |
| 10. | Increases with task experience | Current paper | 8 |
| 11. | Positive correlation with memory ability | Sederberg et al. (2010) | 8 |
| 12. | Positive correlation with IQ | Healey et al. (2014) | 8 |
| 13. | Larger for auditory presentation | Current paper | 9 |
| 14. | Independent of recall modality | Current paper | 9 |
| 15. | Larger for short lists | Current paper | 9 |
| 16. | Robust to very fast presentation rates | Howard (2017) | 10 |
| 17. | Robust to very slow presentation rates | Nguyen & McDaniel (2015) | 10 |
| 18. | Approximate time-scale invariance | Howard & Kahana (1999) | 10 |
| 19. | Reduced in orthographically distinct lists | McDaniel et al. (2011) | 11 |
| 20. | Interacts with emotional valance | Siddiqui & Unsworth (2011) | 12 |
| 21. | Present when items vary in assigned value | Stefanidi & Brewer (2015) | 12 |
| 22. | Robust to variation in stimuli complexity | Nguyen & McDaniel (2015) | 13 |
| 23. | Dual-modality lists | Cortis Mack et al. (2018) | 13 |
| 24. | Categorized lists | Polyn et al. (2011) | 14 |
| 25. | Temporal/semantic competition | Current paper | 14 |
| 26. | Encoding task manipulations | Long & Kahana (2017) | 15 |
| 27. | Mnemonic strategies | Bouffard et al. (2018) | 16 |
| 28. | Incidental encoding | Nairne et al. (2017); Healey (2018) | 17 |
| 29. | Contiguity in serial recall errors | Klein et al. (2005) | 18 |
| 30. | Compound cuing in recognition | Schwartz et al. (2005) | 18 |
| 31. | Contiguity in paired associates intrusions | Davis et al. (2008) | 19 |
| 32. | Contiguity in prior list institutions | Zaromb et al. (2006) | 20 |
| 33. | Across-list contiguity in final free recall | Howard et al. (2008); Unsworth (2008) | 20 |
| 34. | Contiguity outside the lab | Moreton & Ward (2010); Uitvlugt & Healey (in press) | 22 |