Figure 1.

PDK4 is elevated in an in vitro model of cancer-induced atrophy. A) Representative images of C2C12 myotubes exposed to control medium (25% UCM) or 25% C26 CM for up to 48 h. The cell layers were stained for MitoTracker Red CMXRos, and the quantification of red fluorescence intensity (polarized mitochondria), normalized vs. DAPI (nuclei) was expressed as arbitrary units (a.u.). Myotube size was determined by measuring the minimum diameter of 250–350 myotubes per experimental condition (n = 3). Scale bar, 100 μm. B) Representative Western blotting for PDK4 in whole-protein extracts from C2C12 myotubes exposed to C26 CM (n = 3). Tubulin was used as loading control. Data (means ± sd) are expressed as fold change vs. UCM. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001.