Lupus disease markers are similar in pristane-treated SphK2+/+ and SphK2−/− mice. A) Schematic representation of the pristane-induced lupus model, depicting the experimental conditions and the endpoint analyses. B) Expression of disease markers Sca-1 and U1A was determined in peripheral blood of mice by quantitative PCR and expressed as fold change after normalizing with GAPDH (n = 7/group). C) Renal function was evaluated by measurement of urinary protein levels using Uristix colorimetric strips. Proteinuria scores were based on color development that signifies the amount of protein in urine (n = 3/group). D) Expression of IFN-stimulated genes 2'-5′-oligoadenylate synthase 3 (Oas3), myxovirus resistance 1 (Mx1), and IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFIT1) in peripheral blood from SphK2+/+ to SphK2−/− mice (n = 7/group) was determined by quantitative PCR. Data were expressed as relative expressions normalized to GAPDH. E) Expression of the pDC markers SpiB, E2-2, and Siglec H in peripheral blood was determined by quantitative PCR and expressed as relative levels after normalizing to GAPDH. Data are expressed as means ± sd from 3 independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined by ANOVA with a post hoc Tukey’s test; n.s., not significant. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.005, ***P < 0.001.