Table 4.

Summary of genes involved in the long-term heart response to exercise

Gene	Variant	Chromosome/position	P value	Type of study	Training schedule	Type of exercise test	Population	Author; year
Heart rate increase
CREB1a	rs2253206	2:208100223	1.6 × 10−5	GWAS	20 weeks, 3 times a day, 30–50 min at submaximal HR	Submaximal bicycle	Healthy, but sedentary	Rankinen et al. (2012) [97]
GCH1a	rs2057368	14:54373759	5.6 × 10−5	GWAS	20 weeks, 3 times a day, 30–50 min at submaximal HR	Submaximal bicycle	Healthy, but sedentary	Rankinen et al. (2012) [97]
GPRIN3a	rs1560488	4:90444858	3.3 × 10−5	GWAS	20 weeks, 3 times a day, 30–50 min at submaximal HR	Submaximal bicycle	Healthy, but sedentary	Rankinen et al. (2012) [97]
RBPMSa	rs2979481	8:30382328	3.8 × 10−6	GWAS	20 weeks, 3 times a day, 30–50 min at submaximal HR	Submaximal bicycle	Healthy, but sedentary	Rankinen et al. (2012) [97]
MYLIPa	rs909562	6:16238312	3.2 × 10−5	GWAS	20 weeks, 3 times a day, 30–50 min at submaximal HR	Submaximal bicycle	Healthy, but sedentary	Rankinen et al. (2012) [97]
OR6N2a	rs857838	1:157017174	7.6 × 10−5	GWAS	20 weeks, 3 times a day, 30–50 min at submaximal HR	Submaximal bicycle	Healthy, but sedentary	Rankinen et al. (2012) [97]
PIWIL1a	rs4759659	12:129403241	5.7 × 10−5	GWAS	20 weeks, 3 times a day, 30–50 min at submaximal HR	Submaximal bicycle	Healthy, but sedentary	Rankinen et al. (2012) [97]
TFECa	rs10248479	7:115395591	3.4 × 10−5	GWAS	20 weeks, 3 times a day, 30- 50 min at submaximal HR	Submaximal bicycle	Healthy, but sedentary	Rankinen et al. (2012) [97]
YWHAQa	rs6432018	2:9639347	8.1 × 10−7	GWAS	20 weeks, 3 times a day, 30–50 min at submaximal HR	Submaximal bicycle	Healthy, but sedentary	Rankinen et al. (2012) [97]
Heart rate recovery
CHRM2b	rs324640	7:136146251	0.008	Candidate	2 weeks, 5 times a week, 40 min at submaximal HR	Maximal bicycle	Healthy, but sedentary	Hautala (2006) [66]
CHRM2b	rs8191992	7:136158563	0.005	Candidate	2 weeks, 5 times a week, 40 min at submaximal HR	Maximal bicycle	Healthy, but sedentary	Hautala (2006) [66]

Genes found to be associated with changes in training-induced changes to heart rate increase and recovery are shown in alphabetical order. Variant stands for either a SNP or deletion/insertion mutation. Candidate stands for candidate gene study. GWAS stands for genome-wide association study

^aAllele frequencies and betas are not mentioned in this study and direction (in- or decrease of response to training) can, therefore, not be determined

^bMinor alleles of rs324640 and rs8191992 (respectively, A and C) decreased heart rate recovery