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. 2019 May 15;13:192. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00192

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Copyright © 2019 Shi, Lin, Saliba, Xie, Neely and Banerjee.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Ringer is required for proper synaptic transmission. Representative electrophysiological traces showing EJPs from wild type (A), ringer–/– (B), and elav-Gal4;UAS-ringer;ringer–/– (C). Quantification of EJP amplitude (D), mEJP amplitude (E), mini EJP frequency (F), and quantal contents (G) in respective genotypes. n = 9 (wild type, +/+), 9 (ringer–/–) and 8 (elav-Gal4;UAS-ringer;ringer–/–) recorded animals, Error bars represent mean ± SEM [^∗p ≤ 0.05, ^∗∗p ≤ 0.01, ^∗∗∗p < 0.001, not significant (ns)] (Student’s t-test).