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. 2019 May 21;9:7660. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44141-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Glial scar formation. (A–D) Representative images of GFAP staining of cross sections 9 weeks after the SCI for evaluation of glial scar in the cranial part (A,B) and the number of protoplasmic astrocytes in the caudal part (C,D). White arrows show the protoplasmic astrocytes. (A,C) – laser group, (B,D) – control group.(E) Glial scar evaluation in the perilesional area of the spinal cord. Glial scar formation was similar in both groups in cranial (−3 mm, −2 mm), central (−1–+1 mm) and caudal (+2 mm, +3 mm) parts of the lesion center. (F) The number of protoplasmic astrocytes was significantly lower in laser-treated rats caudally (+2 mm, +3 mm) from the lesion center. The values are expressed as mean ± SEM. n = 6 per group. *p < 0.05.