Table 4.
Within and between effects/interactions of the multiple ANCOVA for all the variables as a function of efficiency in the suppression of no longer relevant words.
| ANCOVA (covariates Age, Accumulated practice, Current practice) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Source of Variation | N | MS | df | F | p-Value | ηp2 | Power |
| Panel A. Proportion of SR error (Errors) | |||||||
| Between subjects | |||||||
| Age | 74 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.875 | 0.00 | 0.06 |
| Accumulated practice | 74 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.16 | 0.689 | 0.00 | 0.07 |
| Current practice | 74 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.17 | 0.685 | 0.00 | 0.07 |
| Group | 74 | 0.06 | 1 | 1.53 | 0.220 | 0.02 | 0.23 |
| Within subjects | |||||||
| Errors | 74 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.15 | 0.699 | 0.00 | 0.07 |
| Errors × Age | 74 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.27 | 0.607 | 0.00 | 0.08 |
| Errors × Accumulated practice | 74 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.23 | 0.630 | 0.00 | 0.08 |
| Errors × Current practice | 74 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.25 | 0.619 | 0.00 | 0.08 |
| Errors × Group | 74 | 0.11 | 1 | 3.88 | 0.050∗ | 0.05 | 0.50 |
| Panel B. Global SR (SR) | |||||||
| Between subjects | |||||||
| Age | 74 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.881 | 0.00 | 0.05 |
| Accumulated practice | 74 | 0.03 | 1 | 0.23 | 0.634 | 0.00 | 0.08 |
| Current practice | 74 | 0.05 | 1 | 0.42 | 0.521 | 0.01 | 0.10 |
| Group | 74 | 0.23 | 1 | 1.90 | 0.172 | 0.03 | 0.28 |
| Within subjects | |||||||
| SR | 74 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.925 | 0.00 | 0.05 |
| SR × Age | 74 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.823 | 0.00 | 0.06 |
| SR × Accumulated practice | 74 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.13 | 0.723 | 0.00 | 0.06 |
| SR × Current practice | 74 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.29 | 0.593 | 0.00 | 0.08 |
| SR × Group | 74 | 0.03 | 1 | 4.82 | 0.031∗ | 0.06 | 0.58 |
| Panel C. Tempo maintenance (T maint.) | |||||||
| Between subjects | |||||||
| Age | 74 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.00 | 0.985 | 0.00 | 0.05 |
| Accumulated practice | 74 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.837 | 0.00 | 0.06 |
| Current practice | 74 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.26 | 0.613 | 0.00 | 0.08 |
| Group | 74 | 0.09 | 1 | 1.29 | 0.260 | 0.02 | 0.20 |
| Within subjects | |||||||
| T maint. | 74 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.06 | 0.815 | 0.00 | 0.06 |
| T maint. × Age | 74 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.825 | 0.00 | 0.06 |
| T maint. × Accumulated practice | 74 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.42 | 0.518 | 0.01 | 0.10 |
| T maint. × Current practice | 74 | 0.10 | 1 | 3.60 | 0.062 | 0.05 | 0.47 |
| T maint. × Group | 74 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.36 | 0.552 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
| Panel D. Rhythmic accuracy (Rhythm) | |||||||
| Between subjects | |||||||
| Age | 74 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.08 | 0.784 | 0.00 | 0.06 |
| Accumulated practice | 74 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.50 | 0.483 | 0.01 | 0.11 |
| Current practice | 74 | 0.21 | 1 | 2.37 | 0.128 | 0.03 | 0.33 |
| Group | 74 | 0.26 | 1 | 2.90 | 0.093 | 0.04 | 0.39 |
| Within subjects | |||||||
| Rhythm | 74 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.833 | 0.00 | 0.06 |
| Rhythm × Age | 74 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.16 | 0.695 | 0.00 | 0.07 |
| Rhythm × Accumulated practice | 74 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.33 | 0.567 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
| Rhythm × Current practice | 74 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.24 | 0.627 | 0.00 | 0.08 |
| Rhythm × Group | 74 | 0.07 | 1 | 4.86 | 0.031∗ | 0.07 | 0.59 |
| Panel E. Pitch accuracy (Pitch) | |||||||
| Between subjects | |||||||
| Age | 74 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.07 | 0.797 | 0.00 | 0.06 |
| Accumulated practice | 74 | 0.03 | 1 | 0.27 | 0.606 | 0.00 | 0.08 |
| Current practice | 74 | 0.05 | 1 | 0.40 | 0.531 | 0.01 | 0.10 |
| Group | 74 | 0.15 | 1 | 1.15 | 0.287 | 0.02 | 0.19 |
| Within subjects | |||||||
| Pitch | 74 | 0.03 | 1 | 2.34 | 0.131 | 0.03 | 0.33 |
| Pitch × Age | 74 | 0.04 | 1 | 2.77 | 0.102 | 0.04 | 0.37 |
| Pitch × Accumulated practice | 74 | 0.04 | 1 | 2.93 | 0.091 | 0.05 | 0.38 |
| Pitch × Current practice | 74 | 0.03 | 1 | 2.21 | 0.142 | 0.03 | 0.31 |
| Pitch × Group | 74 | 0.04 | 1 | 3.04 | 0.086 | 0.04 | 0.40 |
| Panel F. Articulation accuracy (Artic.) | |||||||
| Between subjects | |||||||
| Age | 74 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.00 | 0.954 | 0.00 | 0.05 |
| Accumulated practice | 74 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.06 | 0.808 | 0.00 | 0.06 |
| Current practice | 74 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.07 | 0.786 | 0.00 | 0.06 |
| Group | 74 | 0.28 | 1 | 1.85 | 0.179 | 0.03 | 0.27 |
| Within subjects | |||||||
| Artic. | 74 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.07 | 0.799 | 0.00 | 0.06 |
| Artic. × Age | 74 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.13 | 0.719 | 0.00 | 0.07 |
| Artic. × Accumulated practice | 74 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.48 | 0.493 | 0.01 | 0.10 |
| Artic. × Current practice | 74 | 0.04 | 1 | 3.11 | 0.082 | 0.04 | 0.41 |
| Artic. × Group | 74 | 0.13 | 1 | 11.93 | 0.001∗∗ | 0.15 | 0.93 |
| Panel G. Expressiveness (Express.) | |||||||
| Between subjects | |||||||
| Age | 42 | 0.16 | 1 | 2.70 | 0.114 | 0.06 | 0.36 |
| Accumulated practice | 42 | 0.08 | 1 | 1.38 | 0.253 | 0.03 | 0.21 |
| Current practice | 42 | 0.07 | 1 | 1.12 | 0.371 | 0.01 | 0.17 |
| Group | 42 | 0.12 | 1 | 2.00 | 0.164 | 0.04 | 0.28 |
| Within subjects | |||||||
| Express. | 42 | 0.06 | 1 | 1.69 | 0.201 | 0.04 | 0.25 |
| Express. × Age | 42 | 0.08 | 1 | 2.35 | 0.133 | 0.05 | 0.32 |
| Express. × Accumulated practice | 42 | 0.09 | 1 | 2.79 | 0.104 | 0.06 | 0.37 |
| Express. × Current practice | 42 | 0.07 | 1 | 2.12 | 0.118 | 0.05 | 0.35 |
| Express. × Group | 42 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.19 | 0.668 | 0.00 | 0.07 |
Significant results are in bold (∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01). Group: efficient and less efficient participants; MS: main square sum; df: degrees of freedom.