FIG 1.

Life cycle of P. falciparum. Pre-erythrocytic-stage malaria vaccines target the sporozoites that are released from an infected mosquito into the human host and infected liver cells. Blood-stage vaccines target the merozoites released from the liver schizont as well as preventing the development of the asexual-stage-infected erythrocyte and the resulting merozoites produced from the erythrocytic schizont. Potential giRBC vaccines will target male and female gametocytes that develop within the erythrocyte. Transmission-blocking vaccines prevent the eventual development of oocysts and sporozoites within the mosquito. (Adapted from an Open Courseware image from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health [188].)