. 2019 May 20;4:196–206. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2019.05.001

Table 2.

In vitro and in vivo studies of CaP ceramics for biomedical applications.

Compound	Improved in vitro cytocompatibility	Enhanced in vivo bone regeneration
MCPM	Pure MCPM is not biocompatible with bone due to its acidity [30]; β-TCP/MCPM: pre-osteoblast cell [34];	β-TCP/MCPM: femoral condyle of rabbits [34];
DCPD	Murine: pre-osteoblastic macrophage cells [35,36], fibroblastic cells [37], mesenchymal stem cells [38]; mouse bone marrow cells [39]	Proximal tibial plateau [39] and bone-tendon interface [40] of rabbits; parietal bones [41] and femora and tibia [42] of sheep; cranial bone repair and augmentation of human [43].
DCPA	Mouse bone marrow cells [39]; human osteoblast cells [44].	Tibia [39] and femora [45] of rabbits; alveolar sockets of human [46].
OCP	Murine fibroblasts  [47]; rat bone marrow cells  [48]; human osteoblast cells  [49]	Crania [50,51], calvaria and tibia of rats [52,53];
α-TCP	Newborn mouse calvaria-derived osteoblast cells [54]; human: osteoblast-like cells [55], primary osteoblasts, bone marrow mesenchymal cells and non-adherent myelomonocytic cells [56];	Tibial head of minipigs [57]; cranial bone [58] and calvaria [59] of rabbits;
β-TCP	Mouse osteoblast cells [60]; human: osteoblast cells [61,62], fibroblasts and umbilical vein endothelial cells [63];	Calvaria of Rats [64]; tibia of goats [65,66].
ACP	Mg²⁺ stabilized nanospheres: mouse osteoblast cells [67].	Rat aorta arteries [68].
CDHA	Rabbits mesenchymal stem cells [69]; human bone marrow stromal cells [70];	Ectopic bone of mice [71]; mandible of rabbits [69];
HA	Ovine tibial osteoblast cells [72]; rat bone marrow cells [73]; human keratinocyte cell lines [74];	Hemi-mandible of minipigs [75]; femora of rabbits [76]; dorsal muscles of dogs [77]; femora [78] and tibia [79] of sheep; human middle ear [80];
TTCP	Marginal activity of neonatal rabbit osteoclast cells [81]; mouse calvaria-derived MC3T3-E1 cells [54]; calvarial osteogenic cells [82];	Cement with (NH₄)₂HPO₄ as liquid: cortical and cancellous femur in rabbits [83]; cement with polyacrylic acid/itaconic acid copolymer: crania of rats [84];