Table 4.

In vivo validation of 2DSTE and 3DSTE

Study	Model	Method	Reference	Software	Strain	Conclusion
						r/ICC	Bias ± 2 SD (%)	95% CI
2DSTE
Korinek et al.44	16 pigs	Baseline, LAD ligation	Sono	GE EchoPAC PC_2D strain	Long Circ	r = 0.94	−1.1 ± 7.5	−15.8 to 3.9	Promising
Toyoda et al.51	6 dogs	Dobutamine	Sono	US customized software	Rad	r = 0.92			Promising
Langeland et al.52	5 sheep	Baseline, CX ligation, esmolol, dobutamine	Sono	In-house software (SPEQLE 2D)	Long Rad	ICC = 0.80 ICC = 0.72	0.4 ± 2.7 2 ± 4.6	−5 to 5.8 −7.1 to 11	Promising
Amundsen et al.53	9 dogs	Baseline, saline loading, LAD occlusion	Sono	MathLab-based custom made programme	Long Rad	r = 0.9 r = 0.79		−4.4 to 5 −5.6 to 5.1	Accurate
Reant et al.54	10 pigs	Baseline, LAD occlusion, dobutamine	Sono	GE EchoPAC	Long Circ Rad	ICC = 0.93–0.96 ICC = 0.50–0.73 ICC = 0.98			Real potential
Pirat et al.55	7 dogs	Baseline, LAD occlusion, esmolol, dobutamine	Sono	Siemens VVI	Long Circ	r = 0.83–0.90 r = 0.88–0.94			Accurate
Heyde et al.56	5 sheep	Baseline, CX ligation, esmolol, dobutamine	Sono	GE EchoPAC v110.0.0,	Long Circ Rad	r = 0.69 r = 0.72 r = 0.64	−2.1 −7.7 18.5	−9.5 to 5.3 −19.5 to 4.1 −4.6 to 41.7	Circ and Radial overestimate
3DSTE
Seo et al.57	10 sheep	Baseline, LAD ligation, dobutamine, propranolol	Sono	Toshiba 3D wall motion tracking	Long Circ Rad	r = 0.89 r = 0.90 r = 0.84			Reliable
Heyde et al.58	14 sheep	Baseline, CX ligation, dobutamine, esmolol	Sono	In-house STE software	Long Circ Rad	r = 0.64 r = 0.62 r = 0.69			Acceptable accuracy
Bouchez et al.59	13 sheep	Baseline, dobutamine, CX occlusion	Sono	SIemens eSie volume mechanics	Long Circ Rad	r = 0.78 r = 0.71 r = 0.30	−5 ± 6 −5 ± 7 15 ± 19		Good for Long and Circ, less accurate for Rad