Table 2.
Percent live adult emergence from the immature life stages of T. castaneum exposed to 2, 4, 8 and 20.9% levels of oxygen for 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 d
| Oxygen levels | Exposure periods (days) | Percent live adult emergence (Mean ± SE) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Egg | Young larvae | Old larvae | Pupae | ||
| 20.9 % | 1 | 100 ± 0 Aa | 100 ± 0Aa | 100 ± 0Aa | 100 ± 0Aa |
| 3 | 100 ± 0Aa | 100 ± 0Aa | 100 ± 0Aa | 100 ± 0Aa | |
| 5 | 95.5 ± 4.2Aa | 100 ± 0Aa | 100 ± 0Aa | 100 ± 0Aa | |
| 10 | 100 ± 0Aa | 100 ± 0Aa | 100 ± 0Aa | 100 ± 0Aa | |
| 15 | 96.7 ± 3.3Aa | 100 ± 0Aa | 100 ± 0Aa | 96.7 ± 3.3Aa | |
| 8% | 1 | 73.4 ± 8.2Ac | 90.1 ± 5.5Ab | 96.7 ± 3.3Aab | 100 ± 0Aa |
| 3 | 36.6 ± 8.9BCb | 96.7 ± 3.2Aa | 100 ± 0Aa | 100 ± 0Aa | |
| 5 | 53.3 ± 9.3Bc | 96.6 ± 3.3Aa | 83.4 ± 6.8Bb | 100 ± 0Aa | |
| 10 | 23.3 ± 7.8Cb | 96.7 ± 3.2Aa | 90.1 ± 5.5ABa | 93.4 ± 4.6Ba | |
| 15 | 6.6 ± 4.5Db | 73.4 ± 8.2Ba | 83.4 ± 6Ba | 80.1 ± 7.4Ca | |
| 4% | 1 | 56.7 ± 9.2Ab | 80.1 ± 7.4Aa | 93.4 ± 4.6Aa | 86.7 ± 6.2Ba |
| 3 | 4 ± 1.1Bc | 90.1 ± 5.5Aa | 73.4 ± 8.2Bb | 100 ± 0Aa | |
| 5 | 3.3 ± 3.3BCd | 29.9 ± 8.5Bc | 56.7 ± 9.3Ba | 70.1 ± 8.5Ca | |
| 10 | 3.3 ± 3.2BCb | 23.3 ± 7.9Ba | 9.9 ± 5.5Ca | 19.9 ± 7.4Da | |
| 15 | 0 ± 0Cb | 6.6 ± 4.8Ca | 0 ± 0Db | 6.7 ± 4.6Ea | |
| 2% | 1 | 50 ± 9.3Ab | 39.9 ± 9.1Ab | 90 ± 5.5Aa | 93.4 ± 4.6Aa |
| 3 | 0 ± 0Bc | 0 ± 0Bc | 16.6 ± 6.8Bb | 66.7 ± 8.7Ba | |
| 5 | 0 ± 0Bb | 3.3 ± 3.3Bab | 6.7 ± 4.6Ba | 3.3 ± 3.2Cab | |
| 10 | 0 ± 0Ba | 0 ± 0Ba | 0 ± 0Ca | 0 ± 0Ca | |
| 15 | 0 ± 0Ba | 0 ± 0Ba | 0 ± 0Ca | 0 ± 0Ca | |
Eggs (2 d), young larvae (7 d), old larvae (21 d), and pupae (28 d) were exposed to 2, 4, 8, 20.9% oxygen levels for 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 d. After hypoxia treatments, the immature stages were held for a maximum of 90 d at normoxia to observe adult emergence. Means within the same oxygen level, among exposure days (upper case letters) and among immature life stages (lower case letters) followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05, n = 30, adjusted Tukey).