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. 2019 May 22;26:39. doi: 10.1186/s12929-019-0535-8

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 2 — Protein biomarker candidates for assessing risks of SCD. Surrogate biomarkers that reflect the development of oxidative stress and inflammation are associated with CAD (coronary artery disease). While biomarkers that reflect the neurohormonal regulation process, hemodynamic properties and myocardial stress are often associated with HF (heart failure). Both CAD and HF are responsible for sudden cardiac death (SCD)