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. 2019 May 7;2019:6403504. doi: 10.1155/2019/6403504

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Copyright © 2019 Weiyan Wang et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PMC Copyright notice

Combined effect of arsenic trioxide (ATO) and Vitamin D (Vit D) on the Vitamin D receptor (VDR)-PPAR-γ autophagy functional module. (a) Synergic upregulation of VDR, PPAR-γ, and LC-3 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) after administration of ATO (2 μM) and Vit D (50 and100 nM) alone or in combination compared with the vehicle (n=3; ∗p<0.05; ∗∗p<0.01; ∗∗∗p<0.001). (b) Real-time PCR showed a significant decrease in the expression of VDR mRNA in RA FLS after treatment with GW9662, an antagonist of PPAR-γ. On the other hand, treatment with rosiglitazone (ROG) significantly upregulated VDR mRNA expression (n=3, ∗p<0.05; ∗∗p<0.01 versus RA FLS treated with the medium alone (control).