Table 1.
Bivariate association between depressive symptoms and socio-demographic characteristics, SES and health status
| Variable | Total N (%) |
Depressive symptoms | P value | |
| Not depressed n (%) |
Depressed n (%) |
|||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 60–69 | 2712 (59.15) | 1539 (62.33) | 1173 (55.43) | <0.001 |
| 70–79 | 1350 (29.44) | 711 (28.80) | 639 (30.20) | |
| 80–89 | 476 (10.38) | 205 (8.30) | 271 (12.81) | |
| ≥90 | 47 (1.03) | 14 (0.57) | 33 (1.56) | |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 2529 (55.16) | 1530 (61.97) | 999 (47.21) | <0.001 |
| Female | 2056 (44.84) | 939 (38.03) | 1117 (52.79) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 3008 (65.61) | 1735 (70.27) | 1273 (60.16) | <0.001 |
| Unmarried | 1577 (34.39) | 734 (29.73) | 843 (39.84) | |
| Education | ||||
| Primary school and below | 4333 (94.50) | 2309 (93.52) | 2024 (95.65) | 0.002 |
| High school and above | 252 (5.50) | 160 (6.48) | 92 (4.35) | |
| Personal annual income | ||||
| ≤10 000 | 3643 (79.45) | 1871 (75.78) | 1772 (83.74) | <0.001 |
| 10 000–20 000 | 556 (12.13) | 334 (13.53) | 222 (10.49) | |
| ≥20 000 | 386 (8.42) | 264 (10.69) | 122 (5.77) | |
| Number of NCDs | ||||
| 0 | 698 (15.22) | 458 (18.55) | 240 (11.34) | <0.001 |
| 1–2 | 2615 (57.03) | 1396 (56.54) | 1219 (57.61) | |
| ≥3 | 1272 (27.74) | 615 (24.91) | 657 (31.05) | |
| Disability | ||||
| Yes | 2175 (47.44) | 999 (40.46) | 1176 (55.58) | <0.001 |
| No | 2410 (52.56) | 1470 (59.54) | 940 (44.42) | |
| ADL | ||||
| Unimpaired | 3828 (83.49) | 2133 (86.39) | 1695 (80.10) | <0.001 |
| Impaired | 757 (16.51) | 336 (13.61) | 421 (19.90) | |
ADL, activity of daily living; NCD, non-communicable disease; SES, socioeconomic status.