Table 3.
Summary of MEMRI protocols used for detecting neuronal activity in the visual system in terms of species, delivery route, Mn2+ dose, magnetic field strength and anatomical structures enhanced and studied.
| Species | Delivery route | Mn2+ dose | Field strength | Anatomical structures of interest | Citation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Retina | ON | SC | LGN | VC | Others | |||||
| C57BL/6J mice | Intraperitoneal | 66 mg/kg | 7 T | ✓ | Berkowitz et al., 2012 | |||||
| ✓ | Berkowitz et al., 2015a | |||||||||
| ✓ | Giordano et al., 2015 | |||||||||
| Subcutaneous osmotic pump | 160 mg/kg/wk | 4.7 T | ✓ | ✓ | Laine et al., 2017 | |||||
| C57BL/6J mice, C57BL/6J/129S6 mice, Opn4-/- mice | Intraperitoneal | 66 mg/kg | 4.7 T, 7 T | ✓ | Berkowitz et al., 2010, 2016 | |||||
| C57BL/6J mice, DBA/2J mice | Intraperitoneal | 66 mg/kg | 4.7 T | ✓ | Calkins et al., 2008 | |||||
| C57BL/6J mice, SOD1OE mice | Intraperitoneal | 66 mg/kg | 4.7 T | ✓ | Berkowitz et al., 2009a | |||||
| Ca(v)1.4(-/-), Arr1(-/-) and Ca(v)1.3(-/-) C57BL/6J mice | Intraperitoneal | 66 mg/kg | 7 T | ✓ | Berkowitz et al., 2015b | |||||
| C57BL/6J mice, GNAT1-/- mice | Intraperitoneal | 66 mg/kg | 7 T | ✓ | Berkowitz et al., 2014 | |||||
| Cav-1 KO C57BL/6J mice | Intraperitoneal | 66 mg/kg | 7 T | ✓ | Li et al., 2012 | |||||
| UM-HET3 mice | Intraperitoneal | 66 mg/kg | 7 T | ✓ | Berkowitz et al., 2017 | |||||
| rd1/rd1 mice | Intraperitoneal | 66 mg/kg | 4.7 T, 7 T | ✓ | ✓ | Ivanova et al., 2010 | ||||
| Abca4-/- Rdh8-/- double KO mice | Intravitreal | 2.4 μL; 5 mM | 7 T | ✓ | Schur et al., 2015 | |||||
| Sprague-Dawley rats | Intraperitoneal | 44 mg/kg | 4.7 T | ✓ | Berkowitz et al., 2006 | |||||
| ✓ | Berkowitz et al., 2007a | |||||||||
| ✓ | Berkowitz et al., 2007b | |||||||||
| 66 mg/kg | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Bissig and Berkowitz, 2009 | |||||
| 0.2 mmol/kg | ✓ | Daducci et al., 2014 | ||||||||
| 50 mg/kg | ✓ | Kim et al., 2014 | ||||||||
| Intravenous | 88 mg/kg | 11.7 T | ✓ | De La Garza et al., 2012 | ||||||
| ✓ | Muir et al., 2015 | |||||||||
| Intracortical | 100 nL; 500 mM | 7 T | ✓ | Chan et al., 2014a | ||||||
| Sprague-Dawley rats, RCS rats | Intraperitoneal | 44 mg/kg | 4.7 T | ✓ | Berkowitz et al., 2008 | |||||
| Sprague-Dawley rats, Lewis rats | Intraperitoneal | 44 mg/kg | 4.7 T | ✓ | Berkowitz et al., 2007c | |||||
| Sprague-Dawley rats, Long-Evans rats | Intraperitoneal | 66 mg/kg | 4.7 T, 7 T | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Bissig and Berkowitz, 2011 | ||
| 44 mg/kg | ✓ | Berkowitz et al., 2011 | ||||||||
| Long-Evans rats | Intraperitoneal | 44 mg/kg | 7 T | ✓ | Bissig et al., 2013 | |||||
| WAG/RijHs-rnu rats | Intraperitoneal | 44 mg/kg | 4.7 T | ✓ | Braun et al., 2007 | |||||
| Wistar rats | Intra-arterial or intravenous (+BBB opening) | 5 mg/kg; 1.8 mL/min | 3 T | ✓ | Fa et al., 2011 | |||||
If a study examined dose-dependent effects, the reported optimal dose was chosen (ON, optic nerve; SC, superior colliculus; LGN, lateral geniculate nucleus; VC, visual cortex; BBB, blood–brain barrier; KO, knock out).