Table 3.
Association of sociodemographic factors and unawareness among hypertensives (n=3175), untreated among those who were aware of hypertension (n=1618)
| Sociodemographic factor | Unawareness among hypertensives | Untreated among aware | ||||||
| COR (95% CI) | P value | AOR (95%CI) | P value | COR (95% CI) | P value | AOR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| Chinese | 1 (Ref) | 0.001* | 1 (Ref) | 0.0046* | 1 (Ref) | 0.335* | 1 (Ref) | 0.520* |
| Malay | 1.19 (1.01 to 1.41) | 0.037 | 1.11 (0.93 to 1.32) | 0.258 | 0.93 (0.70 to 1.24) | 0.630 | 0.87 (0.64 to 1.20) | 0.398 |
| Indian | 0.83 (0.70 to 0.99) | 0.037 | 0.80 (0.67 to 0.96) | 0.018 | 1.17 (0.89 to 1.52) | 0.257 | 1.05 (0.78 to 1.42) | 0.731 |
| Age | ||||||||
| <40 | 1 (Ref) | <0.001* | 1 (Ref) | <0.001* | 1 (Ref) | <0.001* | 1 (Ref) | <0.001* |
| 40–49 | 0.89 (0.67 to 1.16) | 0.383 | 0.89 (0.67 to 1.18) | 0.403 | 0.37 (0.24 to 0.57) | <0.001 | 0.39 (0.25 to 0.61) | <0.001 |
| 50–59 | 0.58 (0.44 to 0.75) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.44 to 0.77) | <0.001 | 0.20 (0.13 to 0.31) | <0.001 | 0.22 (0.14 to 0.34) | <0.001 |
| ≥60 | 0.50 (0.39 to 0.66) | <0.001 | 0.53 (0.39 to 0.72) | <0.001 | 0.12 (0.08 to 0.19) | <0.001 | 0.13 (0.08 to 0.21) | <0.001 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | ||||
| Male | 1.08 (0.94 to 1.25) | 0.259 | 1.15 (0.96 to 1.37) | 0.140 | 1.68 (1.34 to 2.11) | <0.001 | 1.51 (1.12 to 2.04) | 0.007 |
| Highest education level | ||||||||
| Primary or lower | 1 (Ref) | 0.007* | 1 (Ref) | 0.310* | 1 (Ref) | 0.007* | 1 (Ref) | 0.033* |
| Secondary | 1.27 (1.09 to 1.48) | 0.002 | 1.13 (0.95 to 1.33) | 0.162 | 1.02 (0.80 to 1.32) | 0.849 | 0.69 (0.52 to 0.91) | 0.010 |
| Tertiary or higher | 1.21 (1.00 to 1.48) | 0.054 | 1.01 (0.80 to 1.28) | 0.937 | 1.59 (1.17 to 2.15) | 0.003 | 0.83 (0.56 to 1.23) | 0.362 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Currently married | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | ||||
| Not currently married | 1.02 (0.85 to 1.21) | 0.860 | 1.09 (0.91 to 1.32) | 0.356 | 0.88 (0.66 to 1.17) | 0.367 | 1.05 (0.76 to 1.45) | 0.781 |
| Work status | ||||||||
| Working/Studying full time | 1 (Ref) | 0.002* | 1 (Ref) | 0.139* | 1 (Ref) | <0.001* | 1 (Ref) | 0.557* |
| Homemaker | 0.91 (0.77 to 1.07) | 0.254 | 1.12 (0.91 to 1.39) | 0.275 | 0.47 (0.35 to 0.62) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.58 to 1.19) | 0.316 |
| Retired/Unemployed | 0.70 (0.58 to 0.86) | 0.001 | 0.86 (0.69 to 1.08) | 0.203 | 0.49 (0.35 to 0.68) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.60 to 1.30) | 0.511 |
| Monthly household income (SGD)† | ||||||||
| <2000 | 1 (Ref) | 0.845* | 1 (Ref) | 0.837* | 1 (Ref) | 0.001* | 1 (Ref) | 0.147* |
| 2000–3999 | 1.00 (0.82 to 1.22) | 0.996 | 0.91 (0.74 to 1.12) | 0.391 | 1.09 (0.80 to 1.48) | 0.600 | 0.87 (0.62 to 1.22) | 0.425 |
| 4000–5999 | 1.08 (0.85 to 1.37) | 0.530 | 0.97 (0.75 to 1.25) | 0.802 | 0.79 (0.54 to 1.18) | 0.249 | 0.62 (0.40 to 0.96) | 0.031 |
| ≥6000 | 0.95 (0.74 to 1.22) | 0.680 | 0.86 (0.65 to 1.14) | 0.296 | 1.07 (0.73 to 1.58) | 0.732 | 0.76 (0.48 to 1.21) | 0.242 |
AOR was derived from multivariable logistic regression model mutually adjusted for all other sociodemographic factors.
COR was derived from bivariate logistic regression model.
Bolded values are two-sided p values<0.05.
*Overall p value.
†Of all participants, 21.5% did not provide information on their average monthly household income. They have been categorised as ‘unknown income’ and included for analysis.
AOR, adjusted OR; COR, crude OR; SGD, Singapore Dollar.