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. 2019 May 15;10:1036. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01036

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Copyright © 2019 Tamburini, Finlon, Gillen, Kriss, Riemondy, Fu, Schuyler, Hesselberth, Rosen and Burchill.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Lymphatic vessels increase in fibrotic regions of cirrhotic livers independent of disease etiology. Liver explants were obtained from cirrhotic patients who received liver transplantation. Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) (n = 8), Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) (n = 12), chronic Hepatitis C viral infection (HCV) (n = 5), Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) (n = 1), Wilson's disease (n = 1), Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) (n = 1) and four non-diseased livers. Representative images from non-diseased (A) or ALD (B) explants are shown. Five micrometer sections were stained with anti-podoplanin (lymphatic vessels D2/40-red), anti-CD3 (T cells-white), anti-CD68 (macrophages-green), and dapi (nuclei-blue) and imaged using the Perkin Elmer Vectra 3.0 imaging system and linear unmixed with inFORM software. (C) Lymphatic vessels density was determined using inFORM software and normalized to area in each disease listed and designated by color of dot. Statistical analysis was performed using a student's t-test. **P < 0.01.