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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 May 22.
Published in final edited form as: Mov Disord. 2017 Nov 30;33(1):75–87. doi: 10.1002/mds.27121

TABLE 1.

Tests that are useful for delineating Axis 1 syndromes (1, 2, and 3) and for elucidating Axis 2 etiologies (2, 3, and 4)

1. Electrophysiological tests Surface EMG to document the presence of tremor, measure tremor frequency, and evaluate EMG burst morphology and rhythmicity (e.g., to identify myoclonus and asterixis)
Fourier analysis of accelerometric and EMG recordings with and without loading the hand with a weight to identify mechanical-reflex and central neurogenic tremors
Fourier and coherence analysis of EMG recordings from multiple limbs to diagnose primary orthostatic tremor
2. Structural imaging MRI, CT for detection of lesions, metabolic disorders, etc.
3. Receptor imaging Dopamine and serotonin transporter imaging for disturbances or deficiency syndromes
4. Serum and tissue markers Metabolic blood tests, tests for infections, genetic tests, etc.