TABLE 2.
Etiological causes of tremor (selection)
| Neurodegenerative disease |
| ○ PD |
| ○ Multiple system atrophy |
| ○ Corticobasal degeneration |
| ○ PSP |
| ○ Genetic disorders: genes causing predominantly parkinsonism |
| ○ Genes causing frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism |
| ○ Genes causing predominantly dystonia |
| ○ Neuroferritinopathy |
| ○ Spinocerebellar ataxias |
| ○ Genes causing Fahr’s disease |
| ○ Genes causing peripheral neuropathies that produce tremor |
| ○ Wilson’s disease |
| ○ X-linked dystonia parkinsonism/Lubag |
| ○ Lesch-Nyhan’s syndrome |
| ○ Fragile X–associated tremor/ataxia syndrome |
| ○ Spinal muscular atrophy |
| Chromosomal aneuploidy |
| ○ XYY, XXY (Klinefelter’s syndrome), and XXYY syndromes |
| Mitochondrial genetic disorders |
| ○ Leigh’s syndrome |
| ○ Mitochondrial polymerase gamma mutations |
| Infectious and other inflammatory diseases |
| ○ Demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis |
| ○ Encephalitis lethargica, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, |
| ○ HIV |
| ○ Tuberculosis, syphilis, measles, typhus, neuroborreliosis |
| ○ Bacterial or viral encephalitis |
| ○ Antineuronal antibody disease |
| Endocrine and metabolic disorders |
| ○ Nephrotic or liver failure |
| ○ Hyperthyroidism |
| Neuropathies and spinal muscular atrophies |
| ○ Kennedy’s syndrome |
| ○ Guillain-Barre’s syndrome |
| ○ Gammopathy-induced neuropathies |
| Toxins |
| ○ Mercury |
| ○ Lead |
| ○ Manganese |
| ○ Arsenic |
| ○ Cyanide, DDT, CO |
| ○ Naphthalene |
| ○ Toluene |
| ○ Lindane |
| Drugs |
| ○ Anticonvulsants: valproate, carbamazepine, phenytoin |
| ○ Tetrabenazine, antidepressants, sympathomimetics, bronchodilators, beta-2 agonists |
| ○ Lithium |
| ○ Neuroleptics, metoclopramide |
| ○ Amiodarone |
| ○ Thyroid hormone replacement |
| ○ Anticancer drugs: vincristine, cisplatin, paclitaxel, doxorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, ifosfamide, tacrolimus, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate |
| ○ Drug and alcohol withdrawal |
| Others |
| ○ Brain neoplasms |
| ○ Brain injury: head trauma, brain surgery, and electrical injury |
| ○ Vascular: ischemia, hemorrhage, and arteriovenous malformations |
| ○ Anxiety and stress |
| ○ Fatigue |
| ○ Cooling |
| ○ Trauma of peripheral tissues |
| ○ HIV, human immunodeficiency virus. |