Table 3. Antecedents and consequences of smoking behavior.

Antecedents	Behavior	Consequences
Emotions: Sad, angry, anxious, bored, irritable, impulsive, wronged, positive, happy, energetic, short-tempered, lonely Bodily sensations: Craving, heart beating fast, tired, hungry, headache, cloudy-headed, shaky hands, tension Thoughts: I want to reward myself, I need to calm my nerves, imagine smoking a cigarette, I need to get away from this situation, there is no way to solve this problem, I don't care about quitting, I don't smoke that much Actions: Driving, talking on phone, drinking coffee, drinking alcohol, working, eating, exercise, waiting for an appointment Location: Car, work, walking outside, at a party Social: Being around others who are smoking, making small talk with someone I don't know well, being around a large group of people Habit: Not aware of my smoking- I just do it, first thing in the morning, smoke at same time every day	Increased smoking	Internal
		Positive	Negative
		• Feel better physically and emotionally • Relaxing/ relieves stress • Time to think/ reflect • Enhances other positive experiences (esp. other drug use) • Reduces hunger • Pleasure from the act of smoking • Increases motivation	• Increased heartrate • Shame, embarrassed, guilt • Self-conscious about smell • Relief from stress is very short, then anxiety returns • Concerns about health • Harder to breathe
		External
		Positive	Negative
		• Fit in socially • Break from work • Form community with other smokers • Get to go outside	• Smell bad on hands and clothes • Unattractive to others • Other smokers are drawn to you • Judgement from others
Emotions: Interested in work, positive, proud, energetic Bodily sensations: Hungry, nauseated/ dizzy Thoughts: I want to quit smoking, value benefits of not smoking, embarrassed of being a smoker, I haven't earned a cigarette yet, thinking about health consequences of smoking, I can't afford cigarettes Actions: Chewing gum, drinking water, using nicotine replacement product, telling people you are not going to smoke, meditating Location: Not going to bar, staying at home, home of non-smoking friend Social: Being around friends/family who don't smoke, want to set a good example for kids, seeing older people still smoke while they are sick	Decreased smoking	Internal
		Positive	Negative
		• Reduces concern about smoke smell • Feel better about health	• Increased appetite • Irritable/ frustrated • Headache • Feel awkward in social situations • Muscle tension • Difficulty concentrating
		External
		Positive	Negative
		• Look more professional at work • Friends/family are proud • Use inhaler less/ cough less	• Fewer breaks at work • Miss conversations with friends