Table 1.

Reader Characteristics for Typical and Struggling Readers (N = 1,513).

		Typical			Struggling
Reader characteristic		6th	7th	8th	6th	7th	8th
Sample size	N	230	167	251	350	194	321
Listening comprehension	M	11.44	11.98	12.66	9.41	9.57	10.34
	SD	(2.09)	(2.06)	(2.12)	(2.04)	(2.26)	(2.25)
KBIT-Verbal Knowledge	M	35.99	38.26	41.08	30.31	31.51	34.15
	SD	(5.16)	(4.90)	(5.77)	(6.55)	(6.37)	(6.07)
SWAN inattention	M	−6.18	−5.98	−4.37	2.76	3.06	3.30
	SD	(12.50)	(12.72)	(11.46)	(10.76)	(11.88)	(10.97)
Hyperactivity	M	−6.37	−6.73	−5.03	0.85	0.52	0.62
	SD	(12.51)	(12.37)	(12.19)	(10.66)	(12.07)	(11.55)
Silent reading efficiency	M	99.97	100.28	98.38	85.77	83.42	79.21
	SD	(12.30)	(12.27)	(14.31)	(11.40)	(13.28)	(13.53)
Phonemic decoding efficiency	M	105.24	104.84	106.43	94.40	95.16	93.71
	SD	(14.40)	(13.57)	(12.65)	(14.67)	(16.40)	(15.02)
Sight word efficiency	M	102.93	101.81	101.67	92.69	91.87	91.40
	SD	(12.45)	(10.52)	(11.40)	(11.20)	(11.90)	(11.02)

Note. For modeling purposes, measures were grand mean centered prior to inclusion in models. KBIT = Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test.