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The effect of e-liquids on mRNA expression. MG-63 cells were treated for 48 h with culture medium only, 0.4% e-liquid treatment without nicotine or 0.4% e-liquid treatment containing 0.1 mg/ml nicotine. The e-liquids used were (A) Vapor Emporium Flavorless, Lotus brand (B) Mango Blast, (C) Irish Latte, and (D) Sweet Melon. Col1a1 and RUNX2 mRNA expression was measured by qRT-PCR and normalized to GAPDH. Each bar represents the mean ± SEM of at least 3 independent experiments.
