Table 2.
Anthropometric and Clinical Outcomes in Guangdong (GD) NICUs and Other NICUs Around the World (Non-GD).
| Hospital | FOS | SWC | SNP | BWC | PWC | AUC | CHI | COP | AMS | NEW | PER | TAI | IBA | GD | Non-GD | P1 | P2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mortality (%) | 42 (10) | 7 (2) | 3 (3) | 14 (8) | 7 (3) | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | 38 (13) | 29 (11) | 7 (5) | 6 (4) | UNK | 27 (18) | 73 (5) | 110 (7) | NS | NS |
| Intubation ventilation n (%) | 182 (46) | 131 (30) | 26 (28) | 98 (59) | 145 (60) | 84 (53) | 141 (80) | 144 (51) | 170 (63) | 90 (65) | 85 (56) | 78 (32) | 6 (4) | 582 (43) | 798 (51) | * | NS |
| Daysa | 3 (7) | 1 (3) | 2 (3) | 4 (6) | 3 (5) | 5 (10) | 11 (16) | 5 (11) | 8 (14) | 8 (13) | 3 (9) | 4 (11) | 0 (0) | 2 (5) | 6 (12) | * | NS |
| Start enteral nutrition n (%) | 371 (92) | 441 (97) | 83 (89) | 165 (99) | 227 (94) | 156 (99) | 177 (100) | 282 (99) | 268 (100) | 137 (99) | 149 (99) | 249 (100) | 144 (96) | 1287 (95) | 1562 (99) | * | * |
| DOL, median (IQR) | 4 (2–6) | 2 (2–3) | 3 (3–6) | 2 (2–3) | 3 (1–6) | 2 (1–2) | 3 (3–5) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–1) | 4 (2–5) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (2–4) | 3 (3–5) | 3 (2–5) | 2 (1–3) | * | * |
| TFF (120 mL/kg/day) n (%) | 233 (58) | 392 (86) | 58 (62) | 126 (75) | 160 (66) | 141 (88) | 176 (99) | 235 (83) | 204 (76) | UNK | 146 (96) | 245 (98) | 119 (79) | 969 (71) | 1266 (88) | * | * |
| DOL, median (IQR) | 33 (23–45) | 24 (20–29) | 26 (19–37) | 26 (17–38) | 27 (20–41) | 11 (9–14) | 15 (12–22) | 12 (8–16) | 11 (9–15) | UNK | 8 (7–11) | 12 (9–17) | 11 (8–14) | 26 (20–37) | 11 (9–16) | * | * |
| TFF (150 mL/kg/day) n (%) | 155 (38) | 373 (82) | 41 (44) | 90 (54) | 124 (51) | 138 (86) | 171 (97) | 222 (78) | 173 (64) | 117 (85) | 144 (95) | 166 (67) | 110 (73) | 783 (58) | 1241 (79) | * | * |
| DOL, median (IQR) | 47 (30–60) | 30 (24–36) | 38 (25–49) | 37 (26–61) | 37 (28–50) | 12 (10–16) | 19 (14–28) | 14 (10–20) | 15 (12–22) | 13 (10–17) | 11 (8–16) | 35 (20–68) | 13 (11–18) | 34 (26–49) | 15 (11–25) | * | * |
| Parenteral amino acids n (%) | 389 (96) | 455 (100) | 92 (99) | 167 (100) | 233 (97) | 154 (96) | 176 (99) | 231 (81) | 269 (100) | 131 (94) | 148 (97) | 236 (95) | 76 (51) | 1336 (98) | 1421 (90) | * | * |
| Daysa | 27 (15) | 24 (10) | 25 (12) | 28 (13) | 24 (15) | 15 (11) | 22 (15) | 11 (9) | 15 (11) | 14 (14) | 11 (7) | 11 (7) | 3 (5) | 25 (13) | 13 (11) | * | * |
| Parenteral lipids n (%) | 293 (72) | 453 (99) | 90 (97) | 159 (95) | 185 (77) | 151 (94) | 176 (99) | 221 (78) | 269 (100) | 131 (94) | 145 (95) | 80 (32) | 0 (0) | 1180 (86) | 1173 (74) | * | * |
| Daysa | 18 (16) | 20 (10) | 24 (12) | 21 (12) | 16 (14) | 13 (11) | 22 (15) | 9 (S) | 14 (11) | 14 (14) | 9 (7) | 4 (7) | 0 | 19 (13) | 11 (12) | * | * |
| Weight GV g/kg/day | 8.7 (4.1) | 9.3 (2.3) | 12.7 (3.1) | 10.5 (3.4) | 5.0 (3.5) | 14.6 (4.1) | 12.1 (3.8) | 11.2 (3.8) | 11.0 (4.6) | 10.0 (4.4) | 12.6 (4.0) | 8.0 (4.3) | 8.8 (5.7) | 8.7 (4.2) | 10.9 (4.6) | * | * |
| Δz-Scoreb | −1.24 (0.48) | −1.18 (0.31) | −0.62 (0.38) | −1.04 (0.41) | −1.64 (0.42) | −0.54 (0.49) | −0.83 (0.51) | −0.86 (0.48) | −0.83 (0.50) | −0.88 (0.45) | −0.73 (0.41) | −1.25 (0.42) | −1.30 (0.67) | −1.23 (0.50) | −0.91 (0.53) | * | * |
| Length GV cm/week | 0.8 (0.6) | 1.0 (0.6) | 0.9 (0.6) | 0.9 (0.4) | UNK | 1.0 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.5) | 0.9 (0.5) | 0.7 (0.5) | UNK | 1.2 (0.5) | 0.7 (0.5) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.9 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.5) | NS | NS |
| Δz-Scoreb | −0.96 (1.12) | −0.52 (0.95) | −0.52 (0.89) | −0.80 (0.59) | UNK | −0.54 (0.83) | −0.86 (0.76) | −0.74 (0.84) | −1.04(0.86) | UNK | −0.22 (0.74) | −1.08 (0.85) | −2.46 (0.2) | −0.77 (0.90) | −0.92 (0.85) | NS | NS |
| Head circumference | 0.5 (0.4) | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.3) | UNK | 0.5 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.3) | UNK | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.4) | 0.5 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.3) | NS | NS |
| GV cm/week | |||||||||||||||||
| Δz-Scoreb | −1.19 (1.32) | −0.43 (0.92) | −0.72 (0.79) | −1.18 (0.81) | UNK | −1.32 (0.90) | −1.18 (0.85) | −0.73 (0.93) | −1.09 (0.77) | UNK | −0.75 (1.07) | −1.81 (1.10) | −0.96 (1.26) | −0.97 (1.03) | −1.29 (1.05) | * | NS |
| NECn(%) | 8 (2) | 5 (1) | 5 (5) | 6 (4) | 25 (10) | 5 (3) | 10 (6) | 20 (7) | 32 (12) | 18 (13) | 1 (1) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 49 (4) | 90 (6) | NS | NS |
| NEC scores, Bell II/III | 7/0 | 4/0 | 5/0 | 2/4 | 20/5 | 3/2 | UNK | 8/12 | 26/6 | 6/12 | 0/1 | 2/0 | 2/0 | 39/9 | 47/33 | NS | NS |
| Day of NEC onset | 12 (9) | 11 (8) | 11 (12) | 15 (9) | 14 (11) | 27 (18) | 25 (9) | 18 (16) | 23 (16) | 17 (15) | 13 (-) | 20 (10) | 8 (1) | 13 (10) | 21 (15) | * | NS |
| Postconceptional age at | 225 (20) | 214 (12) | 215 (15) | 228 (15) | 221 (13) | 203 (28) | 215 (14) | 202 (17) | 217 (15) | 199 (15) | 221 (-) | 226 (6) | 235 (7) | 221 (16) | 210 (18) | * | NS |
| NEC onset | |||||||||||||||||
| Surgery for NEC, n(%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (43) | 5 (20) | 3 (60) | 5(50) | 10 (50) | 8 (25) | 11 (61) | 1 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 8 (16) | 38 (42) | NS | NS |
| First stool, DOL | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 1 (0) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 3 (2) | UNK | 4 (3) | 3 (1) | UNK | 3 (2) | 1 (1) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 3 (2) | * | * |
| Antibiotics n (%) | 399 (99) | 456 (100) | 93 (100) | 165 (99) | 235 (98) | 149 (93) | 174 (98) | 233 (82) | 256 (95) | 125 (90) | 143 (94) | 233 (94) | 147 (98) | 1348 (99) | 1460 (92) | * | * |
| Daysa | 19 (12) | 12 (10) | 25 (13) | 23 (13) | 16 (10) | 11 (12) | 13 (12) | 12 (11) | 13 (12) | 8 (9) | 7(7) | 8 (8) | 16 (9) | 17 (12) | 11 (11) | * | * |
| Antifungal medicine n (%) | 59 (15) | 109 (24) | 12 (13) | 65 (39) | 29 (14) | 148 (93) | UNKc | 9 (3) | 28 (10) | 34 (81) | 112 (74) | 18 (7) | 35 (24) | 274 (21) | 384 (29) | * | NS |
| Daysa | 1 (3) | 2 (4) | 1 (4) | 2 (4) | 1 (5) | 15 (14) | UNK | 0 (4) | 1 (4) | 12 (19) | 22 (26) | 3 (10) | 3 (9) | 1 (4) | 8 (16) | * | ND |
Data are presented as mean (SD) unless otherwise stated.
AMS, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Emma Children’s Hospital; AUC, Newborn Service, National Women’s Health, Auckland; BWC, Shenzhen Bao’an Maternal and Child Health Hospital; CHI, Rush University Children’s Hospital, Chicago; COP, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; DOL, day of life; FOS, Foshan Woman and Children’s Hospital; GD, Guangdong province in China; GV, growth velocity; IBA, University College Hospital, IQR, interquartile range; Ibadan; ND, not done; NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis; NEW, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; NS, nonsignificant P1, unadjusted P-value comparing GD and non-GD units; P2, P-value comparing GD and non-GD units, adjusted for gestational age; PER, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth; PWC, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital; SNP, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital; SWC, Shenzhen Maternity & Child Health Care Hospital; TAI, Children’s Hospital of China Medical University, Taichung; TFF, time to full feeding; UNK, unknown.
Significant differences between GD and non-GD, P < .001
Deceased infants were excluded from analysis.
Days 0–28.
All infants with body weight < 1000 g received prophylactic fluconazole from birth until the central line was removed, but exact data are missing.