Table 1.

Cytokines regulated by cocaine or opioids

Drug	Species	Target	Direction	Location	Administration	Citation
Cocaine	Animal	G-CSF	↑	Peripheral/Central	Repeated	Calipari et al. (2018)
Cocaine	Human	IL-10	↓	Peripheral	Active users	Moreira et al. (2016)
Cocaine	Human	IL-17	↓	Peripheral	Abstinence	Maza-Quiroga et al., (2017)
Cocaine	Human	IL-6	↓	Peripheral	Acute	Halpern et al., (2003)
					Abstinence	Pedraz et al., (2015)
Cocaine	Human	IL-6	↑	Peripheral	Active users	Levandowski et al., (2016)
			↓			Moreira et al., (2016)
Cocaine	Human	MCP-1		Peripheral	Acute	Gupta et al., (2018)
					Abstinence	Pedraz et al., (2015)
Cocaine	Human	MIP-1α	↓	Peripheral	Abstinence	Maza-Quiroga et al., (2017)
Cocaine	Animal	SDF-1	↑	Peripheral	Repeated	Araos et al., (2015)
Cocaine	Human	TGF-α	↓	Peripheral	Abstinence	Maza-Quiroga et al., 20170
Cocaine	Animal	TNF-α	↑	Central	Repeated	Lewitus et al., (2016)
Cocaine	Human	TNF-α	↓	Peripheral	Abstinence	Pedraz et al., (2015)
Opioid	Animal	ECP	↑	Central	Acute	Schwarz et al., (2011)
Opioid	Animal	Fractalkine	↑	Central	Repeated	Hutchinson et al., (2008a)
Opioid	Animal	GRO/KC	↑	Central	Repeated	Hutchinson et al., (2008a)
Opioid	Animal	IFN-γ	↑	Peripheral/Central	Acute	Pacifici et al., (2000)
						Schwarz et al., (2011)
Opioid	Animal	IL-10	↑	Peripheral/Central	Repeated	Hutchinson et al., (2008a)
			↑		Acute	Schwarz et al., (2011)
Opioid	Animal	IL-17A		Peripheral	Chronic	Meng et al., (2015)
Opioid	Animal	IL-1β	↑	Peripheral/Central	Acute	Eidson et al., (2016)
					Repeated	Hutchinson et al., (2008a)
					Chronic	Johnston et al., (2004)
					Chronic	Kang et al., (2017)
					Repeated	Raghavendra et al., (2002)
Opioid	Animal	IL-2	↓	Peripheral	Acute	Lysle et al., (1993)
Opioid	Animal	IL-2	↑	Peripheral	Acute	Pacifici et al., (2000)
Opioid	Animal	IL-6		Peripheral/Central	Repeated	Hutchinson et al., (2008a)
					Chronic	Johnston et al., (2004)
					Chronic	Meng et al., (2015)
					Repeated	Raghavendra et al., (2002)
					Chronic	Zhang et al., (2011)
Opioid	Animal	MCP-1	↑	Central	Repeated	Hutchinson et al., (2008a)
Opioid	Animal	MCP-5	↑	Central	Acute	Schwarz et al., (2011)
Opioid	Animal	MIG	↑	Central	Acute	Schwarz et al., (2011)
Opioid	Animal	MIP-1α	↑	Central	Repeated	Hutchinson et al., (2008a,b)
Opioid	Animal	MIP-1β	↑	Central	Acute	Schwarz et al., (2011)
Opioid	Animal	RANTES	↑	Central	Repeated	Campbell et al., (2013)
Opioid	Animal	TARC	↑	Central	Acute	Schwarz et al., (2011)
Opioid	Animal	TECK	↑	Central	Acute	Schwarz et al., (2011)
Opioid	Animal	TNF-α	↑	Peripheral/Central	Chronic	Johnston et al., (2004)
					Repeated	Niwa et al., (2007)
					Acute	Pacifici et al., (2000)
					Repeated	Raghavendra et al., (2002)
					Chronic	Zhang et al., (2011)

A number of cytokines and chemokines have been shown to be differentially regulated by stimulants or opioids in the periphery or in the CNS of human subjects and animal models. This table outlines the known changes in these factors by substance, location, direction and subjects.