Table 4.
Associations of Baseline and Time-varying Risk Factors on the failure of HbA1c, blood pressure and LDL-c controls.
| Characteristics | HbA1c ≥7.0% | BP ≥140/90 mmHg | LDL-c ≥2.6 mmol/L | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR (95%CI) | P value | Global P value | RR (95% CI) | P value | Global P value | RR (95% CI) | P value | Global P value | |
| Medication groups: | |||||||||
| None or herbal medicine only | Ref. | <0.0001 | Ref. | <0.0001 | Ref. | <0.0001 | |||
| One OHD | 0.93 (0.90–0.96) | <0.0001 | 0.83 (0.76–0.90) | <0.0001 | 0.92 (0.89–0.96) | 0.0002 | |||
| Two more OHD | 0.98 (0.90–1.05) | 0.5284 | 0.78 (0.70–0.86) | <0.0001 | 0.87 (0.83–0.91) | <0.0001 | |||
| Insulin Alone | 1.06 (1.01–1.11) | 0.0194 | 0.82 (0.72–0.94) | 0.0037 | 0.90 (0.84–0.95) | 0.0007 | |||
| Insulin + One OHD | 1.09 (1.03–1.15) | 0.0034 | 0.76 (0.65–0.89) | 0.0008 | 0.83 (0.77–0.90) | <0.0001 | |||
| Insulin + ≥ Two OHD | 1.14 (1.05–1.23) | 0.0050 | 0.83 (0.65–1.05) | 0.1187 | 0.78 (0.69–0.89) | 0.0002 | |||
| Patient Category: | |||||||||
| Diabetes only | Ref. | <0.0001 | Ref. | <0.0001 | Ref. | <0.0001 | |||
| Diabetes + Hypertension | 0.93 (0.90–0.96) | <0.0001 | 3.67 (3.26–4.14) | <0.0001 | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 0.2417 | |||
| Diabetes + Dyslipidemia | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.6538 | 1.09 (0.94–1.27) | 0.2689 | 1.18 (1.13–1.24) | <0.0001 | |||
| Diabetes + Hypertension + Dyslipidemia | 0.95 (0.91–0.98) | 0.0010 | 3.37 (2.99–3.80) | <0.0001 | 1.12 (1.06–1.18) | <0.0001 | |||
| Baseline HbA1c level: | |||||||||
| <7.0% | Ref. | <0.0001 | Ref. | <0.0001 | Ref. | <0.0001 | |||
| >=7.0% | 2.04 (1.98–2.10) | <0.0001 | 1.21 (1.13–1.30) | <0.0001 | 1.11 (1.07–1.15) | <0.0001 | |||
| BMI groups: | |||||||||
| <24 kg/m2 | Ref. | 0.02 | Ref. | <0.0001 | Ref. | 0.0040 | |||
| 24–28 kg/m2 | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 0.2124 | 1.18 (1.08–1.28) | 0.0003 | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) | 0.0579 | |||
| >=28 kg/m2 | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) | 0.0044 | 1.62 (1.46–1.79) | <0.0001 | 1.09 (1.04–1.15) | 0.0009 | |||
| Gender: | |||||||||
| Male | Ref. | 0.21 | Ref. | 0.0055 | Ref. | 0.0061 | |||
| Female | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.2156 | 0.87 (0.80–0.96) | 0.0047 | 1.07 (1.02–1.12) | 0.0064 | |||
| Age groups: | |||||||||
| <65 years | Ref. | 0.006 | Ref. | <0.0001 | Ref. | 0.0744 | |||
| >=65 years | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | 0.0067 | 1.27 (1.16–1.39) | <0.0001 | 1.04 (1.00–1.09) | 0.0719 | |||
| Smoking | |||||||||
| None | Ref. | 0.004 | Ref. | 0.3268 | Ref. | 0.3430 | |||
| Current | 1.06 (1.02–1.09) | 0.0021 | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 0.2861 | 1.02 (0.96–1.07) | 0.5952 | |||
| Previous | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 0.7341 | 0.88 (0.76–1.03) | 0.1110 | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 0.7688 | |||
| Passive | 0.94 (0.86–1.02) | 0.1555 | 1.09 (0.87–1.36) | 0.4649 | 1.12 (0.99–1.26) | 0.0761 | |||
| Drinking | |||||||||
| None | Ref. | 0.07 | Ref. | 0.2766 | Ref. | 0.2335 | |||
| Current | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | 0.1892 | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) | 0.2350 | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) | 0.3779 | |||
| Previous | 0.93 (0.86–1.00) | 0.0370 | 1.13 (0.94–1.35) | 0.1832 | 0.92 (0.84–1.02) | 0.1235 | |||
| Physical Activities | |||||||||
| No exercises | Ref. | 0.71 | Ref. | 0.7118 | Ref. | 0.0078 | |||
| <3 times/week | 0.99 (0.95–1.02) | 0.4248 | 0.97 (0.88–1.06) | 0.4677 | 0.93 (0.88–0.97) | 0.0018 | |||
| >=3 times/week | 0.99 (0.95–1.02) | 0.4686 | 0.96 (0.87–1.06) | 0.4509 | 0.94 (0.90–0.99) | 0.0204 | |||
| Site area | |||||||||
| North | Ref. | <0.0001 | Ref. | <0.0001 | Ref. | <0.0001 | |||
| South | 1.04 (1.01–1.08) | 0.0258 | 1.90 (1.57–2.30) | <0.0001 | 1.07 (1.00–1.15) | 0.0603 | |||
| East | 1.08 (1.04–1.12) | 0.0001 | 1.71 (1.41–2.08) | <0.0001 | 0.98 (0.90–1.06) | 0.5534 | |||
| Southwest | 1.08 (1.04–1.11) | <0.0001 | 2.03 (1.69–2.46) | <0.0001 | 0.84 (0.78–0.90) | <0.0001 | |||
| Northeast | 1.12 (1.08–1.16) | <0.0001 | 2.47 (2.03–3.01) | <0.0001 | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | 0.7283 | |||
| Northwest | 1.14 (1.11–1.17) | <0.0001 | 2.13 (1.78–2.56) | <0.0001 | 0.95 (0.88–1.02) | 0.1279 | |||
| Hospital tier | |||||||||
| 1st tier | Ref. | <0.0001 | Ref. | 0.0220 | Ref. | 0.0003 | |||
| 2nd tier | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 0.2882 | 0.89 (0.79–0.99) | 0.0377 | 1.08 (1.03–1.14) | 0.0024 | |||
| 3rd tier | 0.90 (0.87–0.94) | <0.0001 | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | 0.0058 | 0.99 (0.94–1.05) | 0.7810 | |||