Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the study population
| Total (n = 546) | T2DM (n = 215) | Controls (n = 331) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), years, (min–max) | 74.9 (6.3) (65–96) | 75 (6.1) (65–94) | 74.9 (6.5) (65–96) | 0.868 |
| Gender, female, n (%) | 388 (71.1) | 151 (70.2) | 237 (71.6) | 0.730 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 30.6 (5.3) | 31.1 (5.5) | 30.2 (5.1) | 0.050 |
| BMI < 25, n (%) | 67 (12.3) | 23 (10.7) | 44 (13.3) | 0.366 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 151 (27.7) | 69 (32.1) | 82 (24.8) | 0.062 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 401 (73.4) | 177 (82.3) | 224 (67.7) | < 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mean (SD) | 124.0 (35.4) | 117.8 (34.8) | 128.0 (35.2) | 0.001 |
| Statin use, n (%) | 160 (29.3) | 88 (40.9) | 127 (21.8) | < 0.001 |
| CHD, n (%) | 111 (20.3) | 59 (27.4) | 52 (15.7) | 0.001 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 17 (3.1) | 10 (4.7) | 7 (2.1) | 0.129 |
| PAD, n (%) | 77 (14.1) | 39 (18.1) | 38 (11.5) | 0.029 |
| CVD, total, n (%) | 175 (32.1) | 90 (41.9) | 85 (25.7) | < 0.001 |
| GFR < 60 ml/min, n (%) | 242 (44.3) | 91 (42.3) | 151 (45.6) | 0.449 |
| Anemia, (F: < 13, M: < 12 g/dl), n (%) | 114 (20.9) | 60 (27.9) | 54 (16.3) | 0.001 |
| Vitamin B12 insufficiency (< 350), n (%) | 220 (40.3) | 83 (38.6) | 137 (41.4) | 0.517 |
| Folate insufficiency, n (%) | 43 (8.5) | 16 (8.1) | 27 (8.8) | 0.787 |
| Vitamin D insufficiency (< 20), n (%) | 147 (45.4) | 59 (46.8) | 88 (44.4) | 0.675 |
| Comorbidity count, mean (median) | 3.1 (3.0) | 3.5 (3.0) | 2.8 (3.0) | < 0.001 |
| Multimorbidity (≥ 3), n (%) | 370 (67.8) | 176 (81.9) | 194 (58.6) | < 0.001 |
| Education, years, mean (SD) | 6.9 (4.4) | 6.4 (4.3) | 7.2 (4.4) | 0.043 |
| Lower education (< 8 years), n (%) | 314 (57.5) | 132 (61.4) | 182 (55.0) | 0.139 |
| BADL score, mean (SD) | 91.3 (8.4) | 89.5 (9.4) | 92.5 (7.4) | < 0.001 |
| IADL score, mean (SD) | 14.2 (3.4) | 13.5 (4.0) | 14.7 (2.9) | < 0.001 |
| MMSE score, mean (SD) | 28 (2.5) | 27.7 (2.6) | 28.3 (2.4) | 0.002 |
| GDS score, mean (SD) | 3.1 (3.1) | 3.8 (3.4) | 2.7 (2.8) | < 0.001 |
| Depression, n (%) | 104 (19.1) | 59 (27.4) | 45 (13.6) | < 0.001 |
| Medication count, mean (SD) | 4.8 (2.8) | 6 (2.8) | 4 (2.5) | < 0.001 |
| Polypharmacy, n (%) | 276 (50.5) | 154 (71.6) | 122 (36.9) | < 0.001 |
| MNA-SF score, mean (SD) | 12.1 (2.0) | 11.8 (2.1) | 12.3 (1.9) | 0.002 |
| Undernutrition (MNA < 12), n (%) | 170 (31.1) | 79 (36.7) | 91 (27.5) | 0.023 |
| At risk of malnutrition (MNA 8–11), n (%) | 153 (28.0) | 71 (33.0) | 82 (24.8) | 0.036 |
| Malnourished (MNA 0–7) n (%) | 17 (3.1) | 8 (3.7) | 9 (2.7) | 0.616 |
Polypharmacy was defined as taking five different classes of medications. See text for other details
SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, LDL low density lipoprotein, CHD coronary heart disease, PAD peripheral arterial disease, CVD cardiovascular disease, GFR glomerular filtration rate, MMSE mini mental state examination, BADL basic activities of daily living, IADL instrumental activities of daily living, GDS geriatric depression scale, MNA-SF mini nutritional assessment-short form
Significant p values are in bold