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. 2019 May 16;10:476. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00476

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Copyright © 2019 Kanasaki, Kawakita and Koya.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Possible alterations in the gut environment and the relationship to autophagy after bariatric surgery. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (GB) are the most common surgical procedures in bariatric surgery. After bariatric surgery, the rapid entry of nutrients likely induces the secretion of GLP-1. Additionally, glucagon is potentially increased by various/unknown mechanisms. GLP-1 and other gut-derived peptides, such as PYY, could inhibit glucagon expression, and GIP might stimulate glucagon expression. However, these observations were all investigated in pancreatic cells, and the regulation of ‘gut glucagon’ was not found. GIP, gastric inhibitory peptide; PYY, peptide YY; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1.