Table 1.

Pre-clinical studies of DC-based vaccines for osteosarcoma.

Type of DC vaccine	Study type	Ancillary therapy	Effect	References
Autologous DCs transfected with total tumor mRNA	In vitro	CIK cells	Effective osteosarcoma cytolysis	(19)
	In vivo	None	Induction of specific CTL responses, tumor rejection in 70% of vaccinated tumor-bearing rats, and development of long-term immunological memory to reject a subsequent tumor rechallenge	(22)
	In vivo	None	Induction of specific CTL responses, tumor rejection in 80% of vaccinated tumor-bearing rats and development of long-term immunological memory to reject a subsequent tumor rechallenge	(23)
Allogeneic DCs fused with tumor cells	In vivo	None	Protection from tumor challenge in 70% of pre-vaccinated rats and tumor rejection in 60% of tumor-bearing rats	(24)
	In vitro	None	Effective activation of T cells	(25)
Autologous DCs fused with tumor cells	In vitro	None	Effective activation of T cells	(26)
	In vivo	None	Atrophy or disappearance of tumor bodies and higher survival times and rates	(27)
Autologous DCs loaded with tumor cell lysate	In vitro	None	Increased induction of CTL activity	(28)
	In vivo	None	Increased number of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the metastatic areas, and reduced pulmonary metastases	(29)
	In vivo	Anti-TGF-β antibody		(30)
	In vivo	Anti-CTLA-4 antibody		(31)
	In vivo	Anti-GITR antibody	Increased number of CD8+ T lymphocytes in tumor tissue and serum, inhibition of primary tumor growth, and prolonged survival	(32)