Table 4.

Chronological summary of studies on γδ T cell therapy against osteosarcoma.

References	Ancillary therapy	Study type	Cell type and source	Mechanism	Result
Muraro et al. (117)	ZOL + IL-2	In vitro	γδ T cells from HD	Unknown	Potent anti-tumor activity of γδ T cells against osteosarcoma cell lines
Li et al. (118)	IFN-γ	In vitro	γδ T cells from HD	Up-regulated expression of Fas on osteosarcoma cell lines	Enhanced cytotoxic effect of γδ T cells against osteosarcoma cell lines
Li et al. (14)	ZOL	In vitro	Vγ9Vδ2 T cells from OP and HD	TCR-mediated and partly NKG2D-mediated granule exocytose and TRAIL pathways	Potent anti-tumor activity of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells
Liu et al. (13)	Trastuzumab + ZOL	In vitro	Vγ9Vδ2 T cells from HD	ADCC	More efficient ability of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells to recognize and lyse osteosarcoma cell lines.
Li et al. (119)	Celastrol	In vitro	γδ T cells from OP and HD	Up-regulation of death receptors 4/5 on osteosarcoma cell lines	Increased osteosarcoma cell lysis by γδ T cells
Wang et al. (11)	ZOL+VPA	In vivo	γδ T cells from OP and HD	Increased accumulation of the mevalonate pathway intermediates in osteosarcoma primary cells and cell lines	Enhanced γδ T cell migration and antitumor effect.
Wang et al. (12)	Decitabine	In vivo	γδ T cells from OP	Increased expression of NKG2DLs on osteosarcoma cell lines	Enhanced antitumor effect of combination therapy of γδ T cell infusion and decitabine administration

HD, healthy donors; OP, osteosarcoma patients.