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Effect of fluoride on the acid production by Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium dentium, and Streptococcus mutans at pH 7.0 and 5.5. (A) Acid production from glucose. (B) Acid production from lactose. The data are shown as the mean and standard deviation of three independent experiments. Significant differences in the amount of acid production in the presence of fluoride were analyzed by comparison with that in the absence of fluoride at 10 min (Dunn test; ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗P < 0.05).
