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. 2019 May 16;10:1099. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01099

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Copyright © 2019 Manome, Abiko, Kawashima, Washio, Fukumoto and Takahashi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Inhibitory effects of fluoride on bacterial acid production at pH 7.0 and 5.5. (A) Acid production from glucose. (B) Acid production from lactose. Fifty percent inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) were calculated from the fluoride concentration vs. relative acid production curve. Data are shown as the mean and standard deviation of three independent experiments. The IC₅₀ values are displayed in italics on the x-axis. The significance of differences in IC₅₀ among B. longum, B. dentium, and S. mutans were analyzed using the Tukey test (^∗∗P < 0.01, ^∗P < 0.05).